Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/827

* MALBBOOK. 735 MALCOLM. words of its first line. The couplets nin as follows: Malbrough s'en va-t-en guerre, Mironton, mironton, miroEtaine; Malbrough s'en va-l^en guerre, Ne aait quand reviendra, etc. The author of the song is uiikno-n, but it was probably written after the battle of Malplaquet (September 11, 1709). It was sung by ilarie Antoinette, and it spread from Versailles throughout France. The form of the stanza is similar to that of a lament on the Duke of Guise (1566); but the music cannot be traced back beyond the time of Louis XIV. Beau- marchais incorporated the song in his ilariage de Figaro (1784) ; and Beethoven made use of the melody in his famous Battle Symphony. The tune is well knoii among English-speaking peo- ples as that to which the words of "We won't go home tiU morning"' are sung. MALBBOtTK (Fr. malbrouk, malbrotich, sort of monkey, probably a corruption of Eng. llurl- horough). A West African monkey {Cercopithe- cus cyiiosiirus ), one of the guenons. It has yel- lowish grizzled fur and a broad flesh-colored face, with a band across the forehead, the stiff side- whiskers, throat, and under parts white. Little is known of its habits. IOALCOLM:, mal'kom. The name of four Kings of Scotland. ilALCOLJi MacDoxald suc- ceeded to the throne on the abdication of Con- stantine II. in 943. The most important event of his reign was the cession of Cumbria about 945 by the English monarch Edmund I. Mal- colm was slain about 954 while engaged in quelling a revolt in the north of Scotland. — Mat- COLII ilAcKEXXETii was a grandson of the pre- ceding. He ascended the throne in 1005. His life was passed chiefly in repelling the incursions of the Danes. He died in 1034. A collection of laws, the Leges llalcolmi ilacEenneth, has been attributed to him. but is obviously a work of a later age. — Malcolu ilAcDuxcAJN', surnamed Canmore, ascended the throne on the death of Macbeth (q.v. ) in 1054, being the son of Dun- can whom ilaebeth slew. After William of Normandy had seated himself on the English throne, many noble Saxons sought refuge at the Scottish Court, among them being Edgar Athe- ling, nearest of kin to the Confessor, vrith his mother. Agatha, and his sisters. Margaret and Christina. Margaret, who was young, beautiful, and pious, captivated the heart of the Scottish King, and a marriage quickly followed, ilal- colm's new relations, however, unfortunately, em- broiled him with the Xormans, In 1070 he crossed the border, harried Xorthumberland and Yorkshire, but was soon obliged to retreat, William the Conqueror retaliated in 1072, and wasted Scotland as far as the Tay. At Aber- nethy, ilalcolm was compelled to acknowledge him as his liege lord, but (as the Scottish historians hold) only for such parts of his dominions as had belonged to England — viz., Cumbria and the Lothians. War was waged be- tween England and Scotland from 1077 to 1080 and broke out again in 1091. probably at the in- stigation of the fugitive Anglo-Saxons and the discontented Xormans, who had been pouring into Scotland during the iron reicrn of William, and had obtained large grants of land from the Scot- tish monarch. Xothing of note, however, hap- pened, and peace was again concluded; but not long after there was a fresh rupture, and in 1093 Jlalcolm again crossed the border, and laid siege to Alnwick; but while so engaged ho was suddenly attacked, defeated, and slain, on Xovember 13, 1093. — iLvLCOLit, surnamed 'The Maiden' ( 1141-65), was a grandson of David I., and succeeded that monarch in 1153, when only in his twelfth year. He had no sooner mounted the throne than a Celtic insurrection, headed by Somerled, Lord of the Isles, broke out. Some years after, another insurrection broke out among ■the wild Scots of Galloway,' under their chief, Fergus, to crush which ilalcolm had to em- ploy a large force. In 1164 he had to put down a second rebellion of Somerled. He died at Jedburgh, of a lingering disease, December 9, 1165. Consult: Skene, Celtic Scotland (Edin- burgh, 1870-80) ; Robertson, Early Kings of Scot- land (Edinburgh, 186-2) ; Freeman, Xorman Con- quest (Oxford, 1807-79). MALCOLM, Sir George (1818-97). A British general, born at Bombay, India. He entered the army at the age of eighteen, and three years later was taking part in the Afghan War as deputy assistant to the commissary-general. He was prbmoted to be a lieutenant in 1840, captain in 1849, and lieutenant-colonel in 1854, having served in Baluchistan and throughout the second Sikh War. His next campaign was ill Persia (1856-57). He was made colonel (1860) and major-general (1867) for his gallant services during the Indian Mutiny, and after the Abys- sinian War of 1868 was knighted, made lieu- tenant-general ( 1875), general { 1877), and pub- licly thanked by Parliament. He retired in 1881. Uii Remarks on the Indian Army (1868), published privately, gained importance from the fact of his having commanded Sindh cavalry and Bombay native infantry. MALCOLM, Sir JoHX (1709-18.33). A Brit- ish colonial administrator and historian. He was born at Burnfoot, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, and at the age of fourteen went to India as a cadet in the Madras army. He distinguished himself at the siege of Seringapatam in 1792, and was ap- pointed to the staff as Persian interpreter. In 1800 he was sent as ambassador to Persia, to form an alliance with that country against Bona- parte, in which he .succeeded. In 1802, 1807, and 1809 he was again sent as minister plenipoten- tiary to the Persian Court. In 1803 he had been appointed Governor of Mysore: and during the two following yeai'S his administrative talents were of important service to the Government in reducing to order and tranquillity the newly conquered Mahratta States. In 1812 he re- turned to England, received the honor of knight- hood, and after five years returned to India as the Governor-General's political agent in the Deccan, with the rank of brigadier-general in the Indian army: in the latter capacity he distinguished him.self in the wars against the Pindarris and Holkar. In 1827 he was appointed Governor of Bombay, but finally left India in 1830. He died of paralysis at Windsor, May, 1833. Malcolm's writings are: A History of Persia (London. 1815; 2d ed. 1828) : Memoir of Central India (London. 18231 : Political History of India from US', to 1S2S (London, 1826) ; and Life of Lord Clive (London, 1836). a posthumous work. Consult Kaye, The Life and Corresponds