Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/764

* MAGNA MATEB. 682 MAGNESIA. Btill exist. The festival of the goddess, the Me- yalcsia, foil in AiJril. MAGNAN, ina'iiyaN', Bernard Pierre (1791- 1805). A l''iench marshal, born in Paris. He entered the army in 1809 and served under Napoleon till the defeat at Waterloo. He was colonel in the army which invaded Spain in 1823, and went to Algeria in 1830. Censured for lack of energy in dealing with an insurrec- tion in Lyons in 1831, lie entered the service of Belgium as general of brigade, but in 1839 returned to France, and was implicated in the first attempt of Louis Napoleon at Boulogne. (See Napoleon III.) In 1848 he tendered his services to Louis Philippe, but later sided with the Republicans and was energetic in bringing the Army of the Alps to Paris in June of that year to re])ress a formidable insurrection under the Re- public, and another at Lyons in 1849. He allied himself with Louis Napoleon when the latter be- came President of France, and as head of the Army of Paris was his ellicient instrument in the coup d'etat of December 2, 1851. Napoleon made him Senator and marshal. MAGNAN, Valentin (1835—). A French physician, born at Perpignan. He graduated in medicine at Paris in 1800, and the following year was made doctor at the Saint Anne Asylum in that city. From the outset of his career he devoted himself to the study of mental dis- orders, and he wrote a number of technical works, esi)ecially upon alcoholism, one of which was crowned by the Academy of Medicine ( 1S74 ). His publications include: Etude expdrimentale et clinique sur ralcoolisme (1871): Etude cli- nique sur la paralysie generate (1873); Des dit:erses formes de d6lire alcoolique et de leur traitement (1873); Recherehes sur les centres nerreux (187fi) ; Le^mis clitiiques sur I'fjritepme (1882); and Lefons cliniques sur les maladies mcntales (1887). MAGNARD, ma'ny-ir', Francis (1837-94). A French journalist, born in Brussels. He was on the statf of the Gaulois (1859), the Grand Journal, the Causerie, and other journals before joining that of Figaro (1803), aiid his series of critical articles on current literature called Paris au jour le jour were published in both the Ev&nement and Figaro. He was editor-in- chief of the latter periodical from 1870, and raised it to a high state of excellence from which it declined after his death. He wrote an anti- clerical romance, L'ahtie Ji'rome (1809), and Vie ct arrnturrs d'un positiriste (1876), MAGNE, ma'ny', Pierre (1806-79). A French statesman, born at Pi-rigueux, Dordogne. He studied law at Toulouse, and became, in 1835, counselor to the prefecture of Dordogne, In 1843 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, and quickly gained a rejiutation as a financier. He was Under-Secretary in the War Department in 1847, and in the Department of Finance in 1840, He became Minister of Public Works in 1851. Senator in 1852, ifinister of CoTumcree and Agriculture in 1853, and Minister of Finance in 1855, keeping office till 1S03, the last three years without portfolio. In 1807 he came into power again as Minister of Finance. He went out in 1809, as Ollivier (q.v.) came in. returned to office with Broglie in 1873, and held the Treasury for a year. In 1876 he was elected Senator for Dordogne. MAGNENTIXTS, magnen'shius, Flavhus Poi"iLiu.s. A Roman Emperor of the West (a.d. 350-353). He was of barbarian extraction, but soon rose to the rank of count under the Emperor Constantine the Great, Entering the service of Constans, son of Constantine the Great, Emperor of the West, he was put in command of the troops that defended the Rhine, and plotted the over- throw of that prince. With the aid of Marcel- linus, count of the sacred largesses, his plot was successful, Marcellinus having invited the officers of the army, stationed near the city of Autun, to a banquet in honor of the birtliday of his son, at a late hour introduced Jlagnentius arrayed in robes of royalty. The cry 'Long live Augustus' was raised by several conspirators, Constans was assassinated, and Magnentius took possession of the palace at Autun (.January 18, 350). In a short time Gaul. Italy, and most of the western provinces, acknowledged the usurjicr as Emperor. Constantius, the brother of Con- stans, and Emperor of the East, hastened to avenge the death of his brother, and totally de- feated Magnentius before the town of Jlursa on the Drave, 351. Magnentius fled to Italy, thence to Gaul, where Constantius followed him, and again in 353 defeated him in the Cottian Alps. On the eve of being captured by his enemies, and deserted by the countries that had acknowledged him, he committed suicide at Lugdunum (Lyons), August 11, 353, Constantius thus be- came master of the whole Empire, MAGNES, mag'nez (Lat., from Gk, Mayi'ris). An Athenian writer of comedies, who flourished in the earlier half of the fifth century B.c, He is the first comedian of whom we know that he won a dramatic prize; he introduced the dance of fantastic imitations of animals in the comic chorus; and, if we judge rightly from a passage in the Knigltts of Aristophanes (vv. 520 et seq.), lost his popularity in his later years by the omission of such attractive and spectacular features. MAGNE'SIA (Lat., from Gk. •M.ayyv<Tia). In ancient geography, the eastern district of The.s- saly. It is a narrow and rocky strip of coast land, south of the river Peneus, and bordered on the west by the range of Ossa and Pelion. The Magnetes seem to have emigrated in part to Asia Minor, when the Thessalians occupied the region. Those who remained, while acknowledging the Thessalian supremacy, were neither reduced tn serfs (Penestip) nor made members of the The- salian confederacy, but were included among the allies. MAGNESIA. The name of two ancient Greek cities of Asia Minor. The first was in the northern part of Lydia, near the Hermus, about 25 miles northeast of Smyrna, at the foot of !Mount Sipylus, and was called Magnesia near mpt/lus (Magnesia ad Sipylum), to distinguish it from the other. It seems to have been settled by Magnetes from Thessaly during the jEolian colonization, but, as was natural in a Greek city so far inland, early to have fallen under Lydian rule. It regained its prominence imder the Seleucid kings of Syria, and was the scene in B.C. 100 of a gi'eat battle in which the Romans utterly defeated Antiochus the Great. It was nearly destroyed by an enrthquake in the reign of Tiberius, but was rebuilt, and under the Byzantine Emperors flourished greatly. After