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MADISON.  routine of this service was broken in the early years by the negotiations leading to the purchase of Louisiana and by the strained relations with the Barbary States. The later years, however, produced a series of problems of difficulty and importance, turning largely upon the theories maintained by England as correct principles of international law. It thus fell to the lot of Madison to direct the fruitless mission of William Pinkney to England, and to take action at the time of the search of the Leopard. The policy of embargoes had been adopted, the war of commercial retaliation had been begun, and the conduct of England and France in regard to American commerce had reached a critical point, when the second term of Jefferson ended and the power of the ‘Virginia dynasty’ was attested by the election to the Presidency of Madison, who was Jefferson's candidate, and who received 122 out of 175 electoral votes. His first term was occupied largely by the diplomatic difficulties with England, culminating in a request for the recall of the English Minister, and by the protracted dealings with France with reference to the commercial decrees of Napoleon. The anti-English faction gained control of Madison's party, and their activity, coupled with that of the younger pro-war element, finally secured the acquiescence of the President in the Congressional policy of war against England. War was declared by the United States on June 18, 1812. At the outset the Americans suffered serious reverses on land, but on the sea they won a succession of triumphs. Madison was reëlected to the Presidency in 1812, receiving 128 votes, 89 being given to his opponent, De Witt Clinton, who had been set up by a coalition of Federalists and the New York wing of the Republican Party. The war with England lasted almost through half of Madison's second term. Madison's Presidency witnessed the complete overthrow of the Federalist organization. The old Federalist principles of a strong national government were now largely adopted by the dominant Republican Party, as illustrated by the increased appropriations for the army and navy and by the reëstablishment of the national bank, in all of which Madison concurred, although he differed with his party upon the warmly contested point of the propriety of making appropriations of national money for public improvements. Upon these matters, as upon the subject of the tariff, neither sectional nor party lines were permanently drawn in Madison's time. Upon his withdrawal from public service Madison retired to Montpelier, Va., where after a period of twenty years of quiet and leisure he died, June 28, 1836. In later life he took much interest in popular education and devoted himself to promoting the interests of the University of Virginia. His last public service was in the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829, where his frail and venerable figure commanded the most profound attention and respect. His wife, formerly Mrs. Dorothea (familiarly known as ‘Dolly’) Payne Todd, who lived until 1849, was for many years a conspicuous figure in Washington society. Her biography has been written by M. W. Goodwin (New York, 1897). The Letters and Writings of Madison were published in 1865 (Philadelphia), and a new edition of his Writings was edited by Gaillard Hunt (New York, 1900). John Quincy Adams wrote a biography of Madison (Boston, 1850); W. C. Rives

prepared a more complete Life and Times (Boston, 1859-69). The history of Madison's Administration is ably treated by Henry Adams in his History of the United States from 1801 to 1817 (New York, 1889-90). Consult also the biography by Gay, James Madison (Boston, 1884; in the “American Statesmen Series”). A calendar of Madison's correspondence appeared in Bulletin No. 4 of the Bureau of Rolls and Library, Department of State (Washington, 1894). For an account of Madison's Administrations, see the article,.  MADISON BARRACKS. A United States military post in New York, established in 1813 and occupying a reservation of 90 acres, on Black River Bay, 10 miles from Lake Ontario, adjoining Sackett's Harbor, which is the post-office and telegraph station. A rifle range of 806 acres has been established at Stony Point, 18 miles from the post. There are quarters for 30 officers and 600 infantry.  MADISON SQUARE GARDEN. One of the largest buildings devoted to amusement, located in the heart of the City of New York. It contains an amphitheatre accommodating 15,000 people, and used for horse-shows, circuses, bicycle races, and similar purposes, a theatre, a concert and ball room, a restaurant, a roof garden, and a number of studios. The building is of buff brick and terra-cotta and is notable for its great tower, over 300 feet in height, modeled after the Giralda at Seville.  MADISONVILLE. A city and the county-seat of Hopkins County, Ky., 38 miles south of Henderson; on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (Map:, D 3). It is the centre of a fine agricultural country, and has an important tobacco trade and various industrial plants, including saw and planing mills, flour mills, a tobacco factory, tobacco stemmeries, a coal mine, etc. Natural gas has been discovered in the vicinity. Population, in 1890, 2212; in 1900, 3628.  MÄDLER,, (1794-1874). A German astronomer, born in Berlin. He began to study natural science at the University of Berlin in 1822, and in 1830 was appointed an instructor in the Berlin Normal School. As the result of his astronomical observations he published a map of the moon in 1834-36, and in the latter year was chosen assistant in the Berlin Observatory. In 1837 he published his Allgemeine Selenographie, and in 1840 was made director of the observatory at Dorpat, Russia. There he made extensive researches in regard to the fixed stars, and in 1846 published Die Centralsonne, propounding the theory, now discarded, that the centre of the stellar universe is located in the Pleiades. In 1865 he returned to Germany. His works in connection with variable and double stars is of great value, and established him among the eminent astronomers of the century. His further publications include Der Fixsternhimmel (1858) and Geschichte der Himmelskunde (1872-73).  MADNESS. See ;.  MAD′OG (commonly MADOC) AB O'WAIN GWYNNEDD, (c.1150-80?). A Welsh prince and the reputed discoverer of America. The story is that Madog was compelled by civil strife to leave his native land, that he sailed