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* McKENDREE COLLEGE. 627 MACKENZIE. Tlie library contained 10,000 vulunies. The en- (Unvnient was $42,000, and income .$0111. The buildings and grounds were valued at about $50,000. MACKEN'NA, Benjamin Vicuna. A Chil- ean historian. See Vicuna-Mackenna, Benja- min. McKENNA, Joseph (1843—). An American jurist, liorn in Philadelphia. His family went to California during his boyhood and settled there. He was educated at the Benicia Collegiate Institute, and in 1865 was admitted to the bar. In the same year, and again in 18(57, he was clocted district attorney of Solano County, and from 1875 to 1876 Avas a member of the State Legislature. In 1884 he Avas elected to Con- gress, where he served three terms and was on the Ways and Means Committee. He was ap- pointed' United States circuit judge for the Pacific Slope circuit in 1892. and in 1897 was made United States Attorney-General by Presi- dent McKinley. In 1898 he took his seat as successor to Justice Field in the United States Supreme Court. MACKEN'ZIE. A district of the Northwest Territories, Canada, created in 1895. It extends from Athaliasca and British Columbia on the south to the Arctic waters on the north, and from Keewatin on the east to Yukon on the west, the western lioundary line following the line of tlie Rocky Mountain Divide (Map: North- west Territories. G 2). The southern l)oundary is in latitude tiOo and the eastern in longitude 100^. It contains an area of 481,200 square miles, being the largest district of Canada, and almost as large as the Territory of Alaska. While the Ter- ritory has not been wholly explored, it is known to resemble the other Laurentian regions of Northern Canada, being buniniocky and liroken throughout, with numerous swamps and lakes. Great Bear Lake in the north and Great Slave Lake in the south are two of the largest lakes in the Dominion. The western half of the dis- trict is drained by the Mackenzie River (q.v.). Among other streams are the Coppermine and the Great Fish, or Back, rivers. The winters are long and severe, the summers short and warm. The valley of the ]5lackenzie is covered almost to its mouth with forests of pine, spruce, tama- rack, birch, and aspen poplar. The mountain slopes to the west are partially forested, the Douglas fir being common on the higher eleva- tions. The northeastern half is almost wholly barren. Coal, salt, and other minerals are known to exist in the Great Slave Lake region and in the mountains to the west. Except in the most favored spots the climate is such that the culti- vation of the soil will never be practicable. Fir- bearing animals abound in parts of the district, but aside from the revenue derived from this source the district has been of little commercial interest. Mackenzie is under the control of the Government of the Northwest Territories (q.v.). The few inhabitants are found mainly in the small settlements along the Mackenzie River. MACKENZIE, Sir Alexander (17.">-lS2n). An explorer of the British Northwest. He was born in Inverness, Scotland, but at the ace of twenty emigrated to Canada, where in 1787 he entered the service of the Northwest Company. In 1789 he set out from Fort Chippewyan on Lake Athabasca, and eplorc<l to its mouth the great river that now bears his name. Three years later he went on a second exploring expedi- tion; this time he ascended the Peace River, crossed the Rocky ilountains, followed the Fra.ser for some distance, and then struck overland to the Pacific, which he reached near Cape Menzies. His Yoynrjrs, an account of these two expeditions, was published in London in 1802. In the same year he received the honor of knighthood. MACKENZIE, Alexander (1822-92). A Canadian statesman, born near Dunkeld, Perth- shire, Scotland, January 28, 1822. At the age of fourteen he left school to take up the trade of a stonemason. In 1842 he emigrated to Can- ada, settling at Kingston, Ontario, where he became a contractor and builder. An ardent Whig by family traditions and education, he was selected in 1852 as editor of the newly founded Lamhtoti Shield at Sarnia. ami proceeded to instruct the Canadians in the priiu'iples of liberalism. Entering the Provincial Parlia- ment for Lambton in 1801. he at once be- came conspicuous for his extensive knowledge and ready wit. On the union of the Canadas in 1807 he was elected Iiy his former constituents to the Dominion Parliament and was soon recog- nized as the leader of the reform opposition. In 1873 he forced the resignation of the Conserva- tive ilinistry of Sir .John Jlaedonnld (q.v.), and became the first Liberal Premier of Canada. His Jlinistry. which pushed the construction of the Pacific Railway, and established a Supreme Court of the Dominion, is said to have Ijeen the pvirest that Canada has experienced. After its fall in 1878, Mackenzie led a brilliant opposition for two years, and then, owing to ill licaltb. re- tired from the leadership of his party, though he remained in Parliament till his death, .pril 17. 1892. He twice visited Scotland (in 1875 and 1881), and was oft'ered the honor of knighthood by the Queen. He published in 1882 the Life and Speeches of George Brown. MACKENZIE, Sir Alexander Campbell (1847 — ). A Scottish composer, born at Edin- burgh. On the advice of Bartel. a member of (Jungl's band, who had settled in Edinburgh, he was sent to Sondershausen. Germany, in order to study music, when he was only ten years of age. He returned home in 1862 and obtained an engagement in a theatre orchestra. Acting on the advice of Sainton and Berthold Tours, he competed for the King's Scholarship at the Royal Academy of Music, and was successful. Upon the completion of his academy course, he retiirned to Edinburgh in 1865, and became favorably known as a solo violinist; on one occasion )ilay- ing second violin in a quartet which incbided .Toachim, Strauss. Norman-Nerudi. and Piatt i. In 1873 he became conductor of the Scotch Vocal Musical Association, in which connection he in- troduced many German classics not hitherto known. About this time he devoted himself to composition, all his published works up to Opus 11 dating from this period. His health was poor, and on the advice of Von Biilow he moved to Florence. Italy. He returned to Eng- land, and in 1885 conducted the oratorio concerts which Jlcssrs. Novello had inaugurated. He be- came principal of the Royal .cademy of Jhisic in ISSS. lie received the ijolil medal for art and science from the Grand Diik? of Hesse in 1884, the order of Art and Science Saxe-Coburg and