Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/692

* MACEDONIA. 612 McENTEE. zantine rule it camp, in the fifteenth century, under the dominion of the Turks. There is now no official division known as Macedonia, but the name has recently come into wide use in connection with the strife of nation- alities in the Turkisli dominions. The ancient region corresi)oiuls nearly to the modern Vilayet of Saloniki. with the eastern part of that of ilonastir. The ]>opulation consists mainly of Slavs (made up of Bulgarian and Serb elements, the Bulgarian element predominating in the lan- guage), Turks, Greeks, Albanians, and Zinzars (Maeedo-Rumans) . The agitation of tlie Chris- tian subjects of the Porte in this portion of the Turkish Empire, and the ambition of Greece and Bulgaria to anne.x part of the territory, have created the so-called Macedonian question in Eastern European politics. At the Congress of Berlin, in 1878, certain stipulations were made for autonomous institutions for the Macedonian Christians. In 1895 the Bulgarians tried to foment a revolt of the Christians against Turkish rule. This was unsuccessful, owing chiefly to the influence of Russia. The Bulgarian Govern- ment proposed a plan of reform to the Porte, but in 1806 the Greeks .started a movement in Ma- cedonia, and throughout the country bands of guerrillas attacked the Turjiisb regulars. The Greek agitators in Macedonia claimed that their movement was not directed against the Turks, but against the pretensions of Bulgaria. Tlie situation in the region reached an acute stage in 190.3, bloody encounters between the inimical nationalities taking place. Btbi.iogr.piiy. Abel. Malcedonien vor Kiinig Philip (Leipzig, 1847); Heuzey and Daumet, Minsion archcolofjirjtic de Maccdoine (Paris, 1876) ; Cousenerj-. 'oyaf)e dims la Maccdoine (Paris, 1831); Leake, Travels in yorthem Greece (London, 1835) ; Diill. f^tudien :ur flco- ffraphie den alien Uakedonicns (Stadtamhof, 1891) ; Nikolaides, La Macidoine (Berlin. 1890) ; Gopcevic, Makcdonien vnd Alt-fcrhien (Vienna, 1889). MACEDONIAN LANGUAGE. The native language of the ancient Macedonians. It is only imperfectly known through glosses preserved by Suidas and other lexicographers and through proper names. More than a hundred Mace- donian words with their Greek equivalents were collected by Sturz. About the same number of proper names may be found explained in Fick's dissertation. As to the character of the language, K. O. Jliiller. G. ileyer, and F. Blass have refused to recognize it as a Greek dialect, urging a closer kinship to the Illyrian or the Thracian : while Sturz, Abel, Basmatzides. Fick, Demitsa. Ed. Meyer, Hatzidakis, Kretschmer, and apparently Brugmann have maintained that Macedonian is only a Hellenistic dialect. The strongest argu- ment against the latter view is that /3, y, and 3 have a tendency to take the place of Greek <p, x- and $, as in Slavonic. Celtic, Lithuanian, and Illyrian. It is possible, however, that /3 ami S were pronounced by the ^Macedonians' as hh. r. and dh(fh in this), and that the change of ph to hh and th to dh has notliing in common with the process by which the Illyrian h and d have been derived from hh and dh. Of the Macedonian x there are many instances. The fact that the digam- ma has disappeared without compensation only seems to show the operation of the same laws as govern Greek speech. While many Macedonian words and nouns are not yet satisfactorily ex- plained, a great number have been. Alexander, his generals and his nobles spoke Attic Greek as well as their native dialect. But Attic Greek cannot have been long in vogue in Macedonia. When, therefore, the nol)les are called eraipoi. as in the Homeric poems, and many proper names occur that are found in Homer but not in the later times, the onlj- probable conclusion seems to be that the Macedonians were a Greek people re- maining behind when the rest moved into the peninsula, and that their language was a dialect retaining some peculiarities lost in the other dia- lects and developing by contact with neighboring Illyrian and Thracian languages some peculiari- ties of its own. Consult: Sturz, De Dialrch, Macedonica et Alcxandrina (Leipzig, 1808); O. Miiller, Veber die Wohnsitze, die Abstammun:i iind iilterc Oeschichte des macedonischen Volh' (Berlin, 1825) ; Abel, Makedonicn vor Koni'i I'hilipp ( Leipzig, 1842) : Basmatzides, 'H MaKeO'wa Kal ol MomSAms (Monaco, 1807); Fick, 'Make donische GIos.sen," in Zeitschrift fUr verylii- chende Sprachforfschung, vol. xxii., p. 193 .sqq. ; Hatzidakis, ITcpi toO 'Eej't(r^G rtov apxcttuv MaK€o6- vwv (Alliens, 1806) ; Ed. Meyer, (Irschichtc dr.f Alterfums, vol. ii. (Stuttgart. 1893) ; Kretscli- mer, Einleitunfi in die Oeschichte der griechischen Upruche ^ G.itt'ingen. 1896) . MACEDONIANS. A party which arose to- ward the close of the Arian controversy, and took its name from Jlacedonius, who became Patriarch of Constantinople in 341 and w:i- finally deposed in 300, in which year he dieil. Their distinctive doctrine was the denial of the divinity of the Holy Ghost. Macedonius taught that the Holy Ghost was subordinate to the Father and to the Son, alike to them in sub- stance, and a creature. After Macedonius the leader was Marathonius, Bishop of Nieomedia, from whom the party is sometimes called Mara- thonians. It was a considerable one. but its doc- trine was condemned in the second General Coun- cil (Constantinople, 381), when there was also added to the Niccne creed the special clause by which the divinity of the Holj' Ghost is defined. They are also called Pneumatomachi, or 'Adver- saries of the Spirit.' MACEI6, ma'sa-yo', or MAgAYO, mil'sa-yO'. The capital of the State of Alagnas. Brazil, situ- ated on the Atlantic coast. 130 miles southwest of Pernambuco (Map: Brazil, K 5). The town is pleasantly located, has a fine cathedral, a govern- ment building, and a lyceum. Its most important manufactures are cotton goods and machinery. Its harbor is provided with shipyards. It ex- ports cotton, corn, and bides, and is the seat of a t'nited States consular agent. Population, 12,000. McEN'TEE, .Terms (1828-91). An American landscape painter. He was born in New York, and studied with F. E. Church. In 1858 he opened a studio in Xew York, where he soon obtained a high position among American artists. His principal success was gained in the depiction of grave mountain or woodland scenery. In 1861 he was elected a member of the American Acad- emv of Design. His works include: "Indian Summer" (1861); "October Snow" (1870); "Winter in the Mountains" (1878) ; "The Kaats-