Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/690

* Mcdowell. 610 MACE. was brcvetted inajor-genpial in the Regular Army for "gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Cedar Alountain," and seven years later he was promoted to the rank of major-general, in the Regular Army to succeed General Meade. After the war he was in command of various mili- tary departments until 1S82, when he retired from active service. McDowell, James (1796-1851). An Ameri- can statesman, born in Rockbridge County, Va. lie graduated at Princeton in 1817: l)eeanie a nKinber of the Virginia Legislature in 1831 ; was (iovcrnor from 1842 to 1844, and was a Repre- sentative in Congress from 1847 to 1851. Mc- Dowell was a State's-Rights man, but was an opponent of slavery and advocated its gradual abolition. He was an orator of much power, and look an es])eeially active part in the debates lead- ing up to the Compromise of 1850. Mcdowell, John (17S0-18G3). An Ameri- can Presbyterian minister. He graduated at Princeton," ISOl ; was pastor in Elizabcthtown, N. J., 1804-18.33: in Philadelphia till his death there, Felu-uary 13, 1803. He was moderator of the General .ssembly, 1820. and ])ermanent clerk, 1825-40. At the disruption he remained with the Old School body. While at Elizabcthtown he pub- lished: The First Bible CUwf! Questions (1814), and A Bible-Class MniiiKil (1819). A System of Tlicolori!/, in a Series o[ Sermons, in the Order of the M'eslmiitster Shorte(r Critechism (2 vols.), appeared 1825-2G, Consult his Life by Sprague (New York, 18G4). MACDOWELL, Patrick (1799-1870). An Irish s(.nl|itor, liorn at IJelfast. He studied in London under Pierre Chenu, a French sculptor, and aftc'rw;irds worked in tlic schools of the Royal Academy, where he liegan to exliibit in 1822. He was elected an associate of the Academy in 1841, and a full member in 1870. His works include "Love Triumphant" (1845) ; the statues of Wil- liam Pitt and the Earl of Chatham, for Saint Stephen's Hall: the Earl of K(dfast, a bronze statue for the city of Belfast: and the group "Eu- rope," for the Albert Memorial, London, MacDUFF'. A thane of Scotland who was instrumental in the defeat of ^Macbeth at the battle of Lunphanan in 1057, In Shakespeare's tragedy Mncbrth be is represented as deadened to feelings of humanity, though once kindly and of generous si)irit, MACDUFP, John Ross (1818—). A clergy- man of I lie Church of Scotland. He was born at lionlnird, Perthshire; studied at Edinburgh: entered the ministry (1843): was settled in Glasgow (1855-70), and afterwards in England. !Many of his numerous devotional writings were very popular, e.g. Morninq and ?(iqht Watehes (1852) : The Wooden Tree of Lebanon (1854) ; Footsteps of Saint Paul (1855); liririhtrr than Ihe Sun (1877) ; Weill of liaea (1879) ; Matin and ^'esper Bells (poems, 2 vols., 1890). Con- stilt his Reminiscences, ed. bv his daughter (lS9fi). McDUF'FIE, George (1788-1851). An .merican orator and political leader. He was horn in Columbia County, Ga.: graduated at South Carolina College in 1813, and was admitted to the bar in 1814. He became a member of the South Carolina Legislature in 1818; was a Representative in Congress from 1821 to 1834; was Governor of South Carolina from 1834 to 183C; and was L'nited States Senator from 1843, but was forced to resign in 184G on ac- count of ill health, 'hen he entered Congress, McDullie was, like his friend Calhoun, an advo- cate of a liberal construction of the Constitution, but, like Calhoun, soon changed his views and became a bitter opponent of the tarilV and of internal improvements. He was ])erliaps the boldest member of the famous South Carolina NuUitieation Convention of 1832, and drafted the address of South Carolina to the people of the United States. He supported Jackson in the elec tion of 1828, but soon became one of his leading opponents, and, as chairman of the Committee on Ways and Jleans, was one of the strongest champions of the United States Bank against Presidential attacks, JIcDuIhe was an orator of much ability. Early in his pul)lic career he fought a duel with a former law partner, and re- ceived a wound in the spine from which he suf- fered until his death. MACE. Originally a weapon in the shape of a club, but now an insignia of ofTice and a symbol of authorit.v used frequently in legislative cham- bers. The maces of the British Parliament and that of the L'nited States House of Representa-. fives may be cited as elaborate and costly ex- amples of this badge of office. MACE (OF., Fr. maeis, Sp. maois, It. mace, from Lat. macir, from (ik. /idxEp, maker, an East Indian spice). A spice which consists of the dried aril which surrounds the seed of the nutmeg {Myristiea fragrans). When fresh it is blood- red, lacerated and .somewhat fleshy; after drying in the sun for a few days, and being flattened for market, it is bright orange-yellow and has a peculiar wax-like texture. It has a peculiar, strong, agreeable smell and taste, and contains a clear, yellow, volatile oil obtained by distilla- tion, and a red, buttery, fixed oil. The latter, when expressed, is mixed with the volatile oil and other substances and is known as nutmeg balsam. The flavor resembles that of nutmeg. It is ex- ported ehielly from Penang and Singapore, where it is received frotn the Spiee Islands, also from the West Indies, where it is cultivated. The aril of species of Myristica fatua sometimes appears in commerce as mace, but it is coarse and very inferior. . MACE, nni'sa', Jeax (1815-94), A French litterateur and educator, born in Paris, At the age of twenty be was a teacher of history in the College Stanislas, .t the time of the Revolu- tion of 1848, he supported the new Government with enthusiasm; as one of the editors of La Republirinr. On Napoleon's coup d'etat, in 1851, he was ol)ligcd to leave Paris, and became teacher of natural sciences and literature in a seminary for girls in Alsace. Here he conceived the plan of popularizing scientific studies for children, and began by the publication of the llistoire d'line bouchfc de pain (History of a Mouthful of Bread) ( 18G1 ), letters to a little girl, explaining, with the interest of a story, the laws of digestion. This plan was continued in a series of hooks, which have had a great popularity. In 18Gfl he had organized a teachers' league, Lir/ue de VEn- seiqnement, which promoted popular education, not only through schools, but also through the formation of communal libraries, and by its insistence upon free and obligatory education.