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* MACDOTJGAL. 609 Mcdowell. tablishing a precedent of colonial military aid in the quarrels of the Empire. He returned to Eng- land in 1883 and two years afterwards retired from active service with the rank of general. His writings include: The Theory of llor (2d ed. 1858) ; The Defense of the Canadiuii Lakes and Its Influence on the (Jeneral Defense of Canada (1802); and Emigration: Its Advantages to Great Britain and Her Colonies (1848). McDOUGALL, Alexandek (1731-80). An American patriot and soldier. He was born in Scotland, but emigrated with his father to Xew York in 1755. He served in the French and Indian War as a captain of privateering vessels, and later became a prosperous merchant. Mc- Dougall was an ardent opponent of the Crown, and lor writing an address called A Son of Lib- erty to the Betrayed Inhabitants of the Colony he was imprisoned for several montlis. In 1774 he presided over the meeting that prepared the ■way for the election of delegates for New York to the First Continental Congress. He became colonel of the First New York Regiment in 1775, brigadier-general in the Continental Army in 1770, and major-general in 1777, and fought at Long Island, White Plains, Germantown, and elsewhere. In 1781 and again in 1784 he was oliosen a member of the Continental Congress. At the time of his death he was a member of the New York Senate. MacDOUGALL, William (1822—). A Cana- dian statesman, born in Toronto. He studied at Victoria College, Cobourg, and was in 1847 admit- ted to the bar. In 1848 he founded the Canada Farmer, and in 1850 the North American. After the American was absorbed into the Toronto Daily Globe, he continued to write for the latter until 1870. From 1862 to 1864 he was a member of the Executive Council and a commissioner of the Crownlands, from 1864 to 1869 Provincial Sec- retary, and from 1866 to 1867 acting Jlinister of Marine. He became Jlinister of Public Works In 1867, and in 1869 Lieutenant-Governor of Rupert's Land, Nortlnvest Territories. In 1865 ancl 1860 he was chairman of a commission for opening trade relations with Mexico, Brazil, and the West Indies, and in 1873 went to London as special fisheries commissioner. He published Six Letters on the Amendment of the Provincial Con- stitution (1872). MacDOW'ELL, Eoward Alexander (1861—). An American composer. He was born in New York City, where he studied music with .J. Buitrago, P. Desvernine. and Teresa Carrefio. For three years (1870-79) he was a pupil at the Paris ■Conservatory, and subsequently continued his studies at Frankfort-on-the-Main under Ileymann and Raff. He had specialized in the pianoforte and composition, and in 1881 became head of the pianoforte department at the Darmstadt Conser- vatory. In 1884 he resigned his position and moved to Wiesbaden, returning four years later to the United States. In 1890 he was appointed professor of music at Columbia University. He ■was director of the Mendelssohn Glee Club of New York (1896-98), and president of the Ameri- can Society of JIusicians (1897-98). As a con- cert pianist !MacDowell is well known, his playing being marked by virility and carefulness of in- terpretation. It is for his compositions, how- ever, that he is most universally esteemed. They include concertos, sonatas, sj-mphonies, songs, and many charming pianoforte pieces. Of the latter "Woodland Sketclies," "Forest Idylls," and "Marionettes" are especially admirable. For full orchestra may be mentioned the symphonic poem "Lancelot and Elaine," the "October" Suite, and the "Indian" Suite, the latter constructed on themes taken from the music of the Sioux In- dians. His work is representative of the modern romantic school in the United States, which, while retaining the classic forms, adds to them a strong individuality of treatment. Mcdowell, ephkaim (1771-18.30). An American surgeon, born in Rockbridge County, Va. He attended medical lectures in Edinburgh in 1793-94; settled in Danville, Ky., in 1795, and attained great prominence as a surgeon. He per- formed the first operation recorded in the United States in ovarian surgery in 1800. A report of tliis and of other cases appeared in the Eclectic Repertory and Analytic Review in 1817. He was skillful in every branch of the surgical art. McDowell, Irvin (1818-85). An American soldier, prominent as a Federal officer in the Civil War. He was born in Columbus, Ohio; studied at the College of Troves in France, and in 1838 graduated at West Point, where from 1841 to 1845 he was stationed as adjutant. He served in the Mexican War first as aide-de-camp and then as assistant adjutant-general, under General Wool, and in Feliruary. lS47, was bre- vetted captain for "gallant and meritorious con- duet in the battle of Buena 'ista." Early in 1861, after the outbreak of the Civil War, he was at Washington engaged in organizing the volunteer troops. On May 14th he was promoted to be brigadier-general of volunteers. On the 27th he was placed in command of the Army of the Potomac and, urged forward by President Lincoln and the War Department under the im- pulsion of public opinion in the North, he ad- vanced into Virginia in the middle of July. On the 21st he met Generals Beauregard and .lolin- ston, commanding the Confederate army, at Bull Run, and, in spite of his skillfully laid plan of battle, his raw recruits gave way and he was badly defeated. (See Bull Run, "First B.^.ttle OF.) Soon afterwards he was replaced by Gen- eral McClellan, under whom he commanded the First Corps of the Army of the Potomac, which, however, was on April 4, 1862. formed into the Army of the Rappahannock and assigned to the defense of Washington. On Jlarch 14th of this year he was made major-general of volunteers. From August 12 to September 6, 1862. he com- manded the Third Corps of the Army of Virginia, and was engaged successively in the battles of Cedar Mountain (August 9th) and Rappahan- nock Station (August 25th). and in the second battle of Bull Run (August 29th-30th), taking an especially prominent part in the last. On Septem- ber 6th he was relieved from duty in the field, and, regarding this as a reflection upoi; his profes- sional abilities and past services, he asked for a court of inquiry, which, after carefully con- sidering all charges, reported that "'the interests of the public service do not require any further investigation into the conduct of Major-General McDowell." He served from May to July. 1863, as president of the board appointed to investi- gate alleged cotton frauds, and from .July. 1863, to May. 1S64. was president of the board for re- tiring disabled olTicers. On March 13, 18G5, he