Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/674

MACARTNEY. lassy to China (London, 1797); Barrow, Life and Wrilini/s u( Lord Mavartncy (London, 1807).

MACARTNEY COCK, or Fikk-Backed Pheasant. Sec Pheasant.

MACAS'SAB. The capital and cliief com- mercial seaport of Celebes, Butch East Indies, situated on the eastern coast of the island, in latitude 5° 20' S., and longitude 11U° 28' E. (.Map: East Indies, EG). It is well built, and is fortilied by palisades and two forts. It e.- ports rice, coU'ee, rubber, cocoa oil, mother of ])earl, etc. The value of its annual trade exceeds .fU.UOO.OOO. The Governor of Celebes and its dependencies resides at ^Macassar. Population, about 18,000. including about 1000 Europeans.

MACASSAR OIL. A fixed vegetable oil, named from the district of JIacassar, in the island of Celebes, where it is produced and ob- tained from the fruit of the Stadlmannia tiider- ojcylon. The name, however, has been given to a pomade made from almond, olive, or peanut oil, to which other substances are added to give color and perfume.

MACAS'SARS, or MANGKAS'SARS. A Jlalayan people, occupying that portion of .South- ern Celebes known as .Macassar. In 1875 the num- ber speaking Macassar was estimated at 320.000, and those using the closely related Buginese at 080,000, but these figures are too high. The Ma- cassars are described as of milder habits, greater conmiercial ability and literary culture than many of the kindred tribes. Physically, they are rather taller and lighter skinned, and some of them are very good-looking. Consult: Lahure, J/ilc Celebes (Brussels, 1880) ; Eiedel, De sluiken l-rwshnnije nissen. lusschcn Welches en rapiia (The Hague, 188G) : Van Staden ten Brink, Ztiid- Celcbcs (Ctrecht. 1884) ; Meyer, A/6h»i von Cele- bes-Ttjpen (Dresden, 1889).

MACASSAR STRAIT. A bodv of water which separates the islands of Borneo and Celebes, and unites the Java Sea with the Sea of Celebes (Map: East Indies, E 5). It varies in width from 75 to 140 miles, and is about 400 miles long. Owing to the numerous shoals and the strong south current during January and February, its navigation is very difficult.

MACATd, ma'kato'. A town of Panay Philippines, in the Province of CSpiz (Map- "Philippine Islands, G 8). It is situated on the main road, 3 miles from the north coast of the island and 33 miles west of Cflpiz. Population, in 1896,'

MACAULAY, ma-ka'li, Catharine (Sw- BRIDOE) (17:Jl-ni). An English historian. She IS chiefly known for The Bistcy,;, of Enqland from the Accession of James I. to that of the Brunsuick Line (1763-83), onee e.xtrenielv popular and lauded by Pitt before the House 6f Com- mons, but characterized bv Lord JIacaulav as "more distinguished by zeal than either by'can- dor or skill," and now unread. A pronounced republican, she made Franklin's acquaintance at Pans, and was a friend of Washington, whom slie visited in America in 1785.

MACATLLAY, Sir .Lmes Buchanan (1793- 1S.)0). A Canadian jurist, horn at Xia^ara He entered the British Army, and during the War of 1812 fought at Ogdenslnirg. Oswego; and Fort J'.rie. He was afterwards admitted to the bar became an executive councilor, and in 1829 ;i judge of the Queen's Bench Court. In 1849 he became the Chief Justice of the newly constituted Court of Conimuu Pleas, resigning in 1850. For a short time he was judge of the Court of Error and Appeal. The commission for the consolida- tion of the statutes of Upper Canada owed the final completion of its task in 1858 largely to his ell'orts as chairman.

MACAULAY, Thomas Babington. Lord ,Macaulay ( 1800-591. An eminent English historian and statesman. He was born at Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, October 25, 1800, being the eldest son of Zachary Macaulay. As a child he wa.-^ most precocious, reading voluminously from tiie age of three, writing a universal history at seven, and composing treatises, poems, ballads, and hymns at ten. At twelve, after a childhood in- fiuenced beneficially by the judicious counsel of Hannah More, he was sent in 1812 to the private school of a Mr. Preston. During the years spent there, lie advanced with the rapidity of which his earliest days had given such ample promise, and in 1818 entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he acquired a brilliant reputation both as a scholar and a debater. Twice he won first honors in the English prize-poem contest — in 1819 by a poem on "Pompeii," and in 1820 by another on "Evening" — but was debarred by his distaste for mathematics from securing the much- coveted chancellor's medal. In 1821 he obtained the second Craven scholarship, in 1822 took the bachelor's degree, and in 1824. after two un- successful trials, was elected a fellow of Trinity, and began to devote himself zealously to litera- ture. The first medium of his writings was Knight's Quarterly Magazine, circulating chiefly among the students at Eton and Cambridge. For this he wrote several of his earliest ballads — e.g. The f!i>anish Armada, Moneontonr, The Battle of levy — and numerous essays and critiques. In 1825 he took the master's degree, and in the same j-ear made his appearance in the columns of the Edinburgh Itcriew, with his famous essay on Milton. The learning, eloquence, brilliancy, and generous enthusiasm of this attracted the instant attention of the educated public, and opened to the young author the highest social privileges. Into the enjoyment of these new- found honors he was just beginning to enter, when the culmination of family financial misfor- tunes brought him temporarilv to almost abject poverty. In 182G he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn; but two years' pretense at practice left him unadvanccd in the profession, for he had a greater penchant (encouraged by the circumstances of his early home training)" for politics than for the courts. In 1830 the friendship of Lord Lansdowne, holder of the 'pocket borough' of Calne, opportunely opened the way for his entrance into the political world at one of its most critical moments. Once in Parliament, he threw himself with characteristic earnestness into the reform movement, becoming one of the leading meanbers of the rising Whig Party through his splendid eloquence and effective argument. On the victory of his partv in 1832 he was made one of the Board of Control of Indian Affairs. In 1834 reappearing financial necessity compelled him somewhat reluctantly to leave England and enter the active India service as a member of the Supreme Council. During the four years thus spent his ability found expression in the creation of a new and humane