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LYSIMETER. tural College, Amherst, JIass., and Stuilcvant, Babcock, ami Goll' at the Agiiciiltiiral Experi- ment tStation, Geneva, N. Y. The KothamsteJ drain-gauges were constnic-tcd by digging a trench in the soil, gradually undermining the soil at the desired depth, and ])Ulting in perforated iron plates to support the mass. The plates were kept in place by iron girders, the ends of the plates and the girders being supported by brick- work. Trenches were then dug around the blocks of soil and these were inclosed in walls of brick laid in cement. A zinc funnel of the same area as the block of soil was fixed to the perforated iron bottom to collect the drainage water and conduct it into a suitable receptacle. The gauges were xuVfr '"'''^ ^^ area, and 24.40 and (iO inclies deep in dill'erent cases. A lysimeter three feet deep and inclosing an area of ^j'j^ acre, constructed by JStoekbridge at Amherst, is shown in the figure. Observations with the lysinieters at Kotham- sted during twenty years showed that on the average slightly less than one-half of the rain- fall escaped in the drainage of bare soils, the proportion var_ving slightly with the dillerent depths. In observations made by Klucharov at Moscow, Russia, on bare soils inclosed in metal cylinders driven into the soil, approximately one- fourth of the rainfall ]iercolated through a depth of 20 cm. of soil. With soils covered with plants the percolation was much less. Stockbridge found that about one-fifth of the rainfall perco- lated, through a bare drift soil three feet deep. Sturtevant concluded from observations made at Geneva that lysinieters as ordinarily constructed do not give results applicable to soils in their natural condition, mainly because the soil in the lysimeter is not in connection with a permanent water-table. He attempted to overcome this objection by eonstruiting a lysimeter provided with an artificial water-table. With such a lysimeter the drainage was approximately 37 per cent, of the rainfall under sod, 41 per cent, with bare soil, and 43 per cent, with soil cultivated three inches deep. While it is doubtful whether lysinieters even with the greatest care in their construction and management give results repre- senting accurately the conditions actually obtain- ing in natural soils, they have proved valuable for comparative .scientific studies, not only on percolation, liut on the losses of soil constituents in drainage and on the jirocess of nitrification (q.v. ) in soils. For further information on the subject, consult: Gilbert. "Observations on Rain- fall, Percolation, and Evaporation," in Ilothnm- sted Memoirs, vol. vii. (London. 1890); Stock- bridge, Ivt'esli<]ations in Rainfall, Percolation, and Evaporation (Boston, 1S79); Xew York State Experiment Station Reports, 18S2, 1887, 1888, 1800; Deherain, "Les caux de drainage des terres cultivfs," in Annales Agronomiques, vol. six. (Paris. 1893).

LYSIP'PUS (Lat., from Gk. Aiirnnros). A celebrated Greek sculptor. A native of Sicyon, in the Peloponnesus, he was at first a w-orker in bronze, and then applied himself to statuary, becoming the head of the Sicyonian school, and the founder of a new style, which was at the basis of a large part of the sculpture of the Hellenistic age. The dates of his birth and death are not known, but he was an older contemporary of Alexander the Great, whom he long survived. His artistic activity thus falls in the last part of the fourth century. He claimed to have had no master, but to have learned his art from the famous Uoryphorus as Canon of Polyelitus. In fact, he seems to have taken that work as his starting-point, and developed a new system of proportions in which he united many of the characteristics of the Attic and Peloponnesiau schools. His statues were marked by a small head, long legs, slender figure, and fine natural- ism in the treatment of the -hair. His pujiil Xenocrates, whose treatise on art aimed to exalt his master as the culmination of Greek art, claimed that he was the first to represent men as they really were. Such statues are numer- ous in the marble copies of our museums, and many have been brought into connection with Lysippus. The most celebrated is the Apoxyo- menos of the Vatican, which represents a young athlete using the strigil. or scraper, after the bath. Another undoubted copy is the marble group of Daochos the Thessalian and his an- cestors, discovered at Delphi, which must repro- duce the bronzes of Lysippus at Pharsalia. His portraits of Alexander Avere celebrated, and he was said to be the only artist in bronze to whom the King would sit. It seems probable that the bust of Alexander in the Louvre and perhaps the bronze mounted Alexander from Pom|)eii are based on Lysippean originals. He is said to have produced 1500 statues, all in bronze, and to have given special attention to the technical details of the easting. He executed the equestrian statues of twenty-five Jlacedonians who fell at the jiassage of the Granicus, which Meiellus transported to Rome; a fine bronze statue ot Cupid, with a bow; several statues of Jupiter, one of which, CO feet high, was at Tarentuni; one of Hercules, which was removed to Rome; the Sun-god. drawn in a chariot by four horses; "Op- portunity" (Kairos), represented as a youth with wings on his ankles on the point of fiying from the earth. Of these we have no certain traces, unless, as is not improbable, a standing Hercules in the Pitti Palace is derived from this source. The same type distorted into the over-developed athlete appears in the later well-known Farnese Hercules by Glycon. To him or his immediate followers may also be attributed the Silenus holding the infant Dionysus, of which there are several extant copies, and the seated Hermes in bronze from Herculaneum.

LYSKANDER, lu-skiln'der, Glaus Christof- FERSEN (1.558-1023). A Danish historian, born in Skaane. He studied tlieology at Rostock, and lived nearly all his life as pastor at Herfoelge. Besides Latin poems, he wrote some rhymed chronicles: Danshc Konf/ers Hlcegtehofi (1622). intended as a preface to a History of Denmark which he planned to write; and De Scriptorihus Daniris, which appeared in the Monumenta In- cditri I'rnim firrmnnirarinn (1753), and is a list of all Danish writers up to his time. Consult Riirdam, Li/skanders Lev-ned (Copenhagen, 1868).

LYSOL (from Gk. Xi!trci>', h/sein, hit. of Xi/civ, lifriii. to loose). A brown, oily, clear liquid with an odor resembling creosote but less pronounced. It is prepared from tar oil by saponification, and contains about 50 per cent, of cresols. It is solul>le in water, alcohol, chloroform, glycerin, and benzine. With water it forms a clear, frothy, soapy liquid. This property is a dis- advantage in surgical work requiring the use of instruments, as it renders them somewhat slip-