Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/661

* LYSICRATES. 583 LYSIMETEB. contest. The momimcnt, which is the onlj- sur- viving one of a large number of similar struc- tures which lined the ancient street of Tripods, stands on a cubical base 13 feet high. The .sur- face of the circular temple of pentelic marble, 9 feet in circumference and 21J/j feet high, is divid- ed by si.K Corinthian half-columns into carved panels, and the upper portion is surrounded by a band decorated with tripods in relief. The roof is formed of a single block of marble, carved in a leaf pattern, and is provided with acanllius su|i- ports, on which the tripod rested. The frieze, about IOV2 inches high, represents the punish- ment by Dionysus of the Tyrrhenian pirates, who are being beaten by satyrs and changed into dolphins. The building, because of its shape, was popularly known as the 'Lantern of Demosthenes.' LYSIMACHIA, li'si-mak'i-a (Lat., from Gk. Xv(J(/xdxioy, lynimachion, a medicinal herb, sup- posed to be named in honor of Xvai/xaxos, Lysi- machos, Lysim.ichus, a king of Thrace, but more probably from Xucrf^axos, loosing strife, from Xwiv, lyein, to loose + p.a.xn, inachC; strife), or Loosestrife. A genus of plants of the natu- ral order Primulaeese, or primrose family. They are leafy, stemmed perennials, generally with yellow flowers, axillary, or in a terminal raceme. Species grow in nearly all parts of the world, several in the L'nited States, some being culti- vated in gardens, as the moneywort (Lysimachia Nummiil(iria) . which was introduced from Eu- rope. In this the leaves are roundish, small, with short petioles; peduncles axillary, one-flowered, ovate, acute sepals. It is a beautiful plant for hanging baskets and for covering rocks, and also for carpeting beneath shrubs, forming, as it does, a thick mat. In some places it has es- caped from the gardens into damp ground. It blooms from July to Septemlier. There are three indigenous and one introduced species enume- rated by Gray as occurring in the United States : Lysimachia thyrsifiora, ortufted loosestrife, found in swamps from Pennsylvania northward, blooms in June and -July: Lysimachia stricta, in low- grounds, blooming from June to August : Lysi- machia ciuadrifoUa, a common plant in the Mid- dle States, growing in moist or sandy soil, blooming in June: and Lysimachia 'Xummiihiria, noticed above. Lysimachia vrdyaris. the yellow loosestrife of Europe, is occasionally found es- caped from gardens in the Eastern United States. Lysimachia jiunrtata and Lysimachia clethroides, the latter from Japan, are grown in gardens for their flowers, those of the latter being white. Various species of Steironema were formerly lo- ferred to this genus. LYSIM'ACHTJS (Lat., from Gk. kivluiaxoi) (c. .300-281 n.c. I . A general in the ai-my of Alexander the Great. He was bom at Fella, Macedonia, and in his youth was distinguished for bravery and physical strength. When the Empire of" Alexander was divided at his death (B.C. 323) Lysimachus received Thrace, of which he took possession after conquering Seuthes. the King of the country. In B.C. 314 he joined the' league formed against Antigonus by Plolemy, Seleucus. and Cassander. In B.C. 30fi he took the title of King. Together with Seleucus he over- 'whelmed Antigonus and Demetrius Poliorcctes in the battle of Tpsus (b.c. 301 or 300). and there- upon appropriated the northwest |)art of Asia Minor. N'ine years later he attacked the Getae, north of the Danube, but was defeated and taken prisoner, and was released only on marry- ing his daughter to the King of the Getse. in B.C. 288 he combined with Ptolemy, Seleucus, and Pyrrhus against Demetrius. The "last part of the life of Lysimachus was imbittercd by domestic troubles. After he had put to death his son Agathocles at the instigation of his wife Arsinoe, the people of Asia Minor rose in rebellion, and, being assisted by Seleucus, defeated and killed him in the battle of Corupedion. LYSIMETEB, li-siniY-ter (from Gk. 7.imi, lysis, a dissolving + /xirpov, metron, measure), or Drain-Gauge. A device for collecting and measuring the water (rain) percolating through soils. It is essentially a water-tight box or cylinder of definite content, as a cubic yard or meter, or inclosing a definite area, as ^j^ or yjjVrr acre, to a given depth, sunk into the soil to y,y. STOCKBRIDOG LYSIMETEB. A, Soil in lysininter: B. .srjll-tliermoniet^'r ; C. nir-ther- mometer: I), nir-tliernioiin't*»r: E. raiu-^aupo ; F. front of ly8imet*?r: G. rubber pipes to conduct wat«?r from tubes to jar; H, wat«r-jnr. a level with its top. and provided with a bottom sn arranged that the percolating water may be drawn oil' and collected in a suitable receiver for measurement and examination. In some cases the boxes are placed in pits dug to receive them and filled with the soil removed from the pits. Generally the purpose, however, is to maintain the conditions in the lysimeter as nearly like those in the natural soil outside as possible, and in this case the lysimeter box or cylinder is forced into the soil, and its bottom adjusted without disturbing the inclosed soil, or the box is built around an undisturbed block of soil. The most notable work with lysimeters has been done bvLawes. Gilbert, and Waringlon at Rothamstcd. England: by DchC-rain at Grignon. France: and in this country bv Stockbridge at the Agricul-