Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/660

* LYRIC POETRY. 582 LYSICRATES. (Paris, 1895) ; Gorra, Dcltc vrujini dclla pocsia liiica del medio eco (Turin, 1S'J5) ; Symonds, Wine, Woman, and Sony { Ijondon, 1884-1)0), ex- cellent translations of the Latin songs of niediiBval students with a preface on Goliardic literature; Werner, Lyriker iind £ piker (Leip- zig, 1800) ; Carpenter, Outline Guide to tJie Study of Knylish Lyric Poetry (Chicago, 1807). which contains a rieli bibliograph'; and, for selections, I'algrave, Golden Treasury of Honys and Lyries (1st series, London, 1801, enlarged 1891; 2d series, 1897); Ward, Enylish (Juntos, (4 vols., London, 1880-83). Consult also Can- field, French Lyries, selections from the earliest dora to the latest lyric poets (Xew York, 1899), and Quiller-Couch, The Golden Pomp, English Lyrics from Surrey to Sliirley (London, 1902). LYS, Ics, or LEYE, We. A tributary of the Scheldt. It rises in France in the Department of Pas-de-Calais, and flows in a northeast direc- tion, forming for a part of its course the boun- dary between France and Belgium and joining the Scheldt at Ghent, after a course of 130 miles (Map: Belgium. B 4). It is canalized for 44 miles from the town of Aire, nedr its source, to the Belgian frontier, and connects with an ex- tensive canal system through which some of its water llows into the North Sea at Ostend. LYSAN'DER (Lat., from Gk. AiffarSpoi, Ly- sandros) { ';-B.c. 30.5). A Spartan general, son of Aristoclitus. Born of an impoverished family, by energy and force of character he worked his way to the front. In B.C. 407 he was appointed to the command of the Spartan fleet, and defeated the Athenians near the promontory of Notium. When liis year of ollice had expired he was succeeded by Caliicratidas, who was defeated in B.C. 40 at Arginusa'. In the following year Lysander was again put iu virtual command; but, that the rule might be preserved which prescribed that no one should be nauarchus twice, he had, as a nominal superior, an officer named Ara- cus. In the same year he overwhelmed the Athe- nian fleet at .^^gospotami. and afterwards sailed to Athens: the city surrendered in the spring of B.C. 404, and the PeIo])onncsian War was thus brought to an end. Lysander was now the most powerful man in Greece, but his pride, arro- gance, and vanity were unbounded. The Spartan ephors finally found it necessaiy to depose him from his command and call him home to answer to charges of insubordination. He escaped answering to the charges, and in n.c. 395 he was .sent in command of an army against the Boeotians, and was killed in the battle of Haliartus. It is said that he was at the time laying plans to overthrow the reigning dynasty at Sparta. Lysander was an able and courageous general, but his ambition was wholly personal, and he was thoroughly unscrupulous. LYSIAS, lish'I-os (Lat.. from Gk. Av<rlas) (c. 450-380 B.C.). The third in point of time of the ten Attic orators of the Canon Alexandrinus (q.v. ). His father was Cephalus. a wealthy Syra- cusan, who was induced by Pericles to move to Athens, where he became a resident alien, the friend of Socrates and other eminent Athenians. The scene of Plato's Rcpnhlie is laid at his house. At the age of fifteen Lysias with his brother Polemarchus went to the Athenian colony of Tliurii in Southern Italy. There he studied rhet- oric, probably under Tisias. In B.C. 412, when the failure of the Sicilian expedition of the Athenians had given the anti-Athenian party su- jjremacy in Thurii, Lysias returned to Alliens, where with liis l)rother he carried on a large shield manufacturing business. During the dis- tracted period under the rule of the Thirty (B.C. 404-403; see Thirty Tyra.nts), the brothers' large possessions excited the rapacity of the gov- erning body; their house was attacked by armed men wliile Lysias was entertaining some friends, their property seized, and Polemarchus put I ' death ; Lysias, however, by bribing the soldiei - who had him in ward, escaped to Jlegara. From Jlegara he assisted Thrasybulus in freeing Athens of the tyrants, and came back iu 403 when the democrats gained the upper hand. On his return he prosecuted Eratosthenes, one of the Tliirty, aS his brother's murderer, in a speech still e.tant, but the result of the prosecu- tion is unknown. Lysias now entereil on tlic business of logographer, a writer of speeches iiir others to deliver, in which he attained great success. Of the 34 (35) extant orations only the oration Against Eratosthenes was spoken by Lysias himself. In all the rest there is an ex- traordinary adaptation to the peculiar conditions and characters of the speakers, the value of which before a jury Lvsias was the first logographer to appreciate. His native "plain style,' which the ancients jiraised, was no doubt fostered by the simple character of his clients. The chief excel- lences noted by Dionysius are his purity in dic- tion, brevity, clearness, simplicity, vividness, pro- priety, and charm. Everywhere his consummate art conceals the art « ith which the speeches were composed. In antiquity 425 speeches were attrib- uted to him ; the rhetoricians of Augustus's day regarded 233 of these genuine; we know the titles of but 172. Only 31 liave been preserved entire; of three more, large fragments are quoted by Dionysius : and there is found in Plato's Pluedrus a speech on '"Love." There are besides only a few scanty fragments. Lysias's literary activity ended with B.C. 380, and he probably died soon after. The best modem editions are bv Bekker (Berlin, 1823) ; Baiter and Sauppe (Zurich. 1830-43) ; Scheibe (Leipzig, 1,S35) ; Cobet (Amsterdam, 18(33); Thalheim (Leipzig, 1001). Selected orations, with English notes bv Stevens (Chi- " cago, 1870) ; .Schuckburgh(4th ed. London, 1890) ; Bristol (Boston, 1802) ; Morgan (Boston. 1895) ; Wait (Xew York, 1808). There is a poor Eng- lish translation by Gillies. Consult: Blass, Atiische Bered.iamk'eit, vol. i.. pp. 338-G44 (Leip- zig, 1887) ; and .Jebb, Attic Orators, vol. i., pp. 142-312 (1880). LYS'IAS. Regent of Syria under Antiochus Epiphanes. and noted for the wars he carried on against the .Jews. His great army was defeated by .Tildas ;Maecabtens near Emmaus, n.c. IfiO. In the following year he was repulsed near Bethsnra, but captured that fortress n.c. 103. and besieged Jerusalem. He was compelled to withdraw by an insurrection at Antiooh. and shortly after was murdered by the populace. LYSICRATES (Lat.. from Gk. AwiKparr,!, Lysikrnti's) . CiioR.oic Monument of. A beau- tiful monument in Athens, in the form of a round temple, and one^ of the earliest examples of Co- rinthian architecture. It was dedicated to Dionysus B.C. 334. by Lysierates, as winner in the Dionvsiac Games, and was surmounted by the bronze tripod which was the usual prize in that