Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/655

LYONS. Plancus, a lieutenant of C'sesar, founded a Roman colony on the Fourvigre Hill, which soon became the oliief colony in Gaul, and in a.d. 1:5 it was made the capital of all the Gallic municipali- tie:^, from which deputies gathered annually in the Roman forum built in the city. Christianity rapidly gained ground in the city. lu A.u. 11)7 it was pillaged by the soldiers of the Emperor Severus. In 208 it witnessed a massacre of many thousands of its Christian citizens, and it was deprived of its title of capital. In the Mid- dle Ages the city was for some time under the rule of counts (counts of Lyonnais, counts of Forez), later under that of the Arclibishops of Lj'ons, with whom the inhabitants waged bloody conflicts, and finally, in the fourteentli century, passed under the sway of the French kings. In 1320 it received a mimicipal charter. Two coinieils of the Church were held there in 1245 and 1274. In 1703 the people of Lyons rose in insurrection against the terrorism of the Convention. An army was sent against the city, which was taken in October and subjected to a frightful chastisement, thousands of the citizens being massacred at the hands of C'ollot d'Herbois and Fouehe. ilany of the finest edi- fices were demolished. The cit.v gradually re- covered under Xapoleon, and has since enjoyed prosperity, though it has several times suffered from floods,* and in 1831, 1834. and 1871 from labor riots and insurrections. Among a long list of celebrities born at Lyons are the Emperors Claudius, JIarcus Aurelius, Caracalla, and Geta, Saints Irena'us and Ambrose, Philibert de I'Orme, the Coustous, Jussieu, Suchet, Amp&re, and Jleissonier.

LYONS. Formerly a city in Clinton County, Iowa, annexed in 1895 to Clinton (q.v. ).

LYONS. A city and the county-seat of Rice County, Kan., 183 miles west by south of Topeka; on the Missouri Pacific, the Saint Louis and San Francisco, and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railroads (Map: Kansas, D 3). It is an agricultural and stock-raising region, with valu- able deposits of salt, and, besides large salt- works, has grain-elevators, a flour-mill, gas- engine works, etc. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1800, 1754; in 1900, 1736.

LYONS. A village and the county-scat of Wayne County. X. Y.. 36 miles east by south of Rochester; on the Erie Canal and on the Xew York Central and Hudson River, the West Shore, and other railroads (Jlap: Xew York, C 2). It has numerous distilleries of peppermint oil, a large beet-sugar factory, a pottery, machine- shops, and manufactories of silverware, slipjjer- soles, barrels, and agricultural implements. Valuable water-power contrilmtes to the indus- trial importance of the vilhige. The Union School has a free library of about 3.i00 volumes. Lyons was laid out about 1705, and was incor- porated as a village in 1854. Population, in 1800, 447.1: in 1900, 4300,

LYONS, CorxciLS of. The name applied to two svnods received as ecumenical by the Roman Catholic Church. The first was held in 124.5 by Innocent IV. fq.v.l. largely for the purpose of discussing the questions at issue between the Pope and the Emperor Frederick II., who had driven the Pontiff from Rome. Innocent pre- sided, and the patriarchs of Aquileia, Antioch, and Constantinople, the Emperor Baldwin II. of Constantinople, and representatives of several sovereigns were i)resent. Uelinite j)rovision was made for the support of the Latin Empire in the East, the relief of oppressed Christians in the Holy Land, and the defense of Christendom against the Mongol invaders. A solemn sentence of deposition was pronounced against Frederick II. on several grounds, in spite of a vigorous defense by his representative, Thaddaius of Su- essa. The second Council of Lyons wa.s convoked by Gregory X. inunediately after liis accession, and met in May, 1274. The Latin patriarchs of Antioch and Constiintinople were present, and Saint Ronaventura was among the cardinals un- til his death in July, two days before the last session. The most important object aimed at was a reconciliation of the Eastern and Western Churches. This seemed to have been attained when representatives of the Greek bishops and Emperor acknowledged the primacy of the Ro- man See, the double procession of the Holy Ghost (see FlLlOQUE), and the developed doctrine of purgatory. After a Tc Drum of thanksgiving, the Pope intoned the creed in Latin, ami the (Jreek deputies sang it in Greek, repeating twice the article "who proceedeth from the Father and the Son." The attempted reunion, however, soon proved illusory (see Greek Church), and no important service was rendered to the Christians of the Holy Land. Some disci])linary canons were passed, as well as regulations for Papal elections.

LYONS, Gulf of (Fr. Golfe du. Lion). An arm of the ilediterranean. indenting the coast of France and extending from t'abo de Crcus on the coast of Spain to the lies d'Hyferes, ofT the southern coast of France (Jlap: France, L 9), X'avigation is hindered by numerous sand-bars. The coast as far as the estuary of the Rhone is sandy, and bordered with numerous lagoons. The portion east of Cape Couronnc is steep and rocky. The chief towns on the Gulf are ilarseilles, Toulon, and Cette. The Rhone empties into the Gulf.

LYONS, University of. One of the largest universities in France. It was organized in 1808. at the instance of Xapoleon, as a jiart of the University of France, and up to 1895-00 was known as Faculti's de Lyon, In 100203 it con- sisted of the faculties of law, medicinc-])har- niacy, matheuiaticsscience, and philosophy. It had an attendance of over 2000 students, and .a budget of about 290,000 francs. The Industrial School of Chemistry, the French School of Tan- ning, the Agronomic Station of the Rhone, the Central School of Lyons, the Veterinary .School of Lyons, and the Catholic faculties of theology, law, mathematics-science, and philosophy, with an attendance of 600, constitute the annexes of the university,

LYONS, Edmund, Lord Lyons (1790-1858). An English admiral and diplomat, born at Bur- ton, Hampshire. He served in the East Indies, and esi>ecially distinguished himself by storming the Dutch fortifications at Marrack 1I8II). In 1828 he blockaded Xavarino, and in lS.'i3 carried King Otho to Athens from Triest. This service brought him an appointment as Minister at Athens. Upon the outbreak of the Crimean War he was appointed second in eonunand of the Sleditcrranean licet. He showed great skill and