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* LYGODIUM. 570 LYMAN. Massachusetts to Kentucky, south of which it is rare, autl much more ahuudaiit in Kentucky than eastward. The fronds are from one to four feet ]iigh, and spring from slender running root- stocks, climbing upon other plants. It is a very delicate and graceful fern, and is much used for ornamental purposes, both fresli and dried, it grows in shaded or moist grassy places. It is frequently called Hartford fern from its former abundance near Hartford, Conn. Other species are in cultivation, especially Lygodium japon- iciim. LYKEWAKE. See JMortuaby Customs. LYLY, lil'i, John (c.1554-1G0G). An English romancer and dramatist, born in Kent, about 1554. He graduated at JIagdalen College, 0.- ford, in 1573, and became il.A. in 1575, and vas incorporated il.A. at Cambridge in 1570; went to London and strove unsuccessfully to win a place at Court; secured the jiutronage of Lord Uurghley, who gave liim some post in his house- hold; took part in the Martin Marprelate con- troversy, contributing a tract entitled Pappe icith an Hnlchct (1580) ; was elected to Parlia- ment in 1589, 1503, 1507, and 1601; and died November, IGOC. Lyly became famous on the publication of Euphues (part i. 1579; part ii. 1580), which added a new word, euphuism (q.Vt) , to the English language. The style of this romance runs riot in alliteration, antitheses, and similes from mythology and fabulous nat- ural liistory. ' Lyly was followed by a large number of writers in this style, known as Eu- phuists, among whom were Greene and Lodge. Lyly also wrote eight plays which were per- formed at Court by companies of children. They are, in the order of publication: Alexander and Campaspe (1584); Hapho and Phao (1584); Endimion (1591); Gallathea- (1502); ilydas (1592) ; Mother Bomhie (1504) ; The ^yoman■ in the Moone (1507); and Love's Metuniurphosia (1601). These plays are mostly on mythological themes, and, except The Woman in tlic Moone, are in prose. The plays written by Lj'ly, Peele, Greene, Lodge, Marlowe, Kyd, Nash, and Shake- speare before 1506 were in prose, in rliyme, and in blank verse mixed with prose and rhyme. Be- fore 1587, when Marlowe in his Tamburlaine made blank verse so beautiful and fitting as to overcome other dramatic styles, prose and rhyme had prevailed. By writing much of his eight dramas in prose Lyly established its use. and his example was followed by Shakespeare. They are interspersed with graceful lyrics. Lyly's charm- ing songs, scattered through his dramas, are the forerunners of the lyrics in Shakespeare and other dramatists. The 'quips and cranks,' rep- artees and similes of Lyly also were models for a like play of fantastic dialogue in Shakespeare. Consult: Dramatic Works, ed. by Fairholt (Lon- don, 18.58) ;■ Endtjmion.viiVa introduction and full bibliography by Baker (New York, 1804) ; re- prints of Euphues liy Arber (London, 1868) and by Landmann (1st jiart. Heilbronn, 1887) ; and The Worhs of John Li/Ii/, edited by Warwick Bond (New York, 1002). For Lyly's sources, consult: Landmann, Der Euphuiftmus (Giessen, 1881); his article in New Shakespeare Society Publications (London. 1880-85). Consult, also, Friedrich Lauchert, Geschiehte des Physiolorjus (Strassburg, 1889). Landmann thinks Lyly de- rived his style from Guevara's Golden Book of Marcus Aurelius, which passed from the Span- ish through a French version into English. Some of the characteristics of euphuism may be found in George Pettie's Palace of Pleasure (1576). For euphuism in Shakespeare, consult Kushtou, ahakespeare's Euphuism (London, 1871). LYMAN, li'm«n, Benjamin Smith (1835 — ). An American mining engineer and geolo- gist, born in Northampton, Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1855, and afterwards studied ut the Eeole des Mines in Paris (1859-60), and at the Freiberg Mining Academy (1860-62). In 1870 he surveyed oil-fields for the Public Works Department of the Government of India, and three years afterwards was chief geologist and mining engineer to the Japanese Government. He was assistant on the Pennsylvania geological survey from 1887 until 1895. His publications include: General lieport on the Punjaub Oil Lands (1878) ; Preliminary Report on the First iScason's ll'orfc of the Geological Hurvey of Yesso (1874); A General lieport on the Geology of Xesso (1877); and Geological Surcey of Japan. LYMAN, Chester Smith (1814-90). An American astronomer, born at Manchester, Conn. Educated for the ministry, he became pastor of a Congregational church at New Britain, Conn. In 1845 he went to the Sandwich Islands and was appointed instructor at the Roj'al School. In 1847 he proceeded to California and engaged in surveying. He returned to the East in 1850 and took up the study of the mathematical sciences, for which he had evinced a strong apti- tude when scarcely fifteen years old. In 1858 he became professor of industrial mechanics and physics at Yale, in 1871 was made professor of astronomy and physics, and taught astronomy alone from 1884 to 1889, when he retired with the title of emeritus professor. Pr. Lyman con- tributed interesting pajiers to the American Jour- nal of fieience and the .Ycie Englander, and pro- duced several valuable inventions, including the combination zenith-telescope and transit for lati- tude, longitude, and time. LYMAN, Hexrt (1809-34). A missionary. He was l)orn at Northampton, Mass. ; was gradu- ated at Andover Theological Seminary in 1832; studied medicine; went, together with the Rev. Samuel Munson. in 1833 as a missionary of the American Board to the Indian Archipelago. Having visited Batavia, Padang, the Battoo group, and Pulo Nigas, the two missionaries undertook to reach the Battas in the interior of Sumatra. Wars ])revailed among the tribes, and at the village of Sacca the missionaries were regarded as enemies aiul nnirdereil, Mr. Lyman was the author of a book on the Condition of Females in Pagan Countries (1832). For his life, consult the memoir bv his sister (New York. 1857). LYMAN, PiiiXEAS (1716-74). An American soldier, born at Durham, Conn. He graduated at Yale in 1738, was a tutor there tintil 1741. studied law and began practice at Suflield, then within the boundaries of JIassachusetts. He soon acquired considerable legal reputation and political influence, which was increased in 1749 by his success in advocating the detaching of Suffield from Massachusetts and its annexation to Connecticut, From 1749 to 1755 he was a member of the Upper Chamber of the Connecti- cut Legislature. In IMareh, 1755, he was ap-