Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/638

* LVOFF. 564 LYCEtTM. himself thoroughly in music, and had become distinguished for liis musical attainments. In 1830 he was appointed conductor of the Imperial Court Choir, succecdin;; his father, a position which he held until 1855. His instrument was the violin, on which he was an excellent per- former; besides which he was a student of Old Russian Church song, and of Russian foIl<- music. In 1859 he published an essay On the Free and Xoit-si/mmelrical Hhythm of Old I'lis- sian Church Hong. His compositions include four operas, the only successful one of which was Undine (1840); Church music; part songs; ar- rangements of Russian follc-songs ; and a con- siderable number of pieces for the violin. He was commissioned by the Czar to compose the music to the words of the national hymn, which had been written by Zhulcov.sl<i (1833"). He died on his family estate in the Government of Kovno. LYALL, ll'al. Sir Alfred Comyn (1835—). An English administrator and author, born at Coulston, Surrey. lie studied at Eton, en- tered the Bengal Civil Service as assistant magis- trate and collector in the Xorthwest Provinces of India, in 1878 was appointed secretary to the Government of India, foreign department, and from 1882 to 1887 was Lieutenant-Governor of the Xorthwest Provinces. In 1888 he was ap- pointed a member of the council of the Secretary of State for India. His publications include: Asiatic Studies (1882-90) ; a discriminating Life of Warren Tlastings (1881); in the "English Men of Action Series") ; Kise of the British Dominion in India (1893; 3d cd. in that year) ; and the volume on Alfred Tomi/son in the "English Men of Letters Series" (1902). LYALL, Sir Cn.RLES James (1845—). An Englisli Orientalist, educated at King's College School, King's College, and Balliol College, Ox- ford. He was Under-Secretary to the Government of the Northwest Provinces (1871-72) ; served in the Foreign Department (1872) : was .judge and commissioner of the Assam valley districts (1888-89), secretary in the Home Department of the Indian Government (1889-94), and Chief Commissioner of Assam (1894), and of the Central Provinces (1895-98). He wrote Trans- lations of Ancient Arabic Poetry (1885) and Ten Ancient Ara1>ic Poems (1894). LYALL, Edna (?-1903). The pen-name of Ada Ellen Bayly, an English author. She was born at Brighton, and in 1879 published her first novel. IV'on hjf Waiting. This was fol- lowed by a series of quiet, purposeful works of fiction, including: Donovan (1882); We Two (1884); In the Golden Days (1885); Knight Errant (1887); The Autobiography of a blan- der (1887); Derrick Tani/hn (1889); A Hardy Norseman (1889) ; To Right the Wrong (1892)'; Doreen (1894) ; The Autobiography of a Trnth (1890) ; Wayfaring Men (1897) ; Hope the Her- mit (1898); In Spite of All (1901); and The Bindcrers. LYCABETTUS, lik'S-het'tus (Lat., from Gk. AvKajSj/TTSc, Lylcahcttos). The modern mountain of Saint George, a conical hill of bluish-gray limestone, northeast of Athens, in which the range of hills by which the Athenian plain is divided terminates. Its summit. 910 feet above the sea, is crowned by a chapel of Saint George, from which commanding views are obtained of the city and surrounding country. Most of the modem houses of Athens are built of the stone quarried from the hill, from which much of the material for the ancient structures was also olitaincd. On the soutliwest portion of the hill was a cistern in which the aqueduct built by Hadrian and Antoninus ended. The aqueduct was repaired between 1855 and 18G9, and now furnishes the water-supply of the city. LY CANTHROTIA. See Werwolf. LYCA'ON (Lat., from Gk. Ai*riui., Lykaon). A legendary king of Arcadia, son of Pelasgua and Meliba-a. or Cyllene. He had many sons, some say fifty, others only twenty-two, whose names are obviously merely the epoiiyms of founders of Pclopgnnesian cities. According to the tradition of the Arcadians, he first intro- duced the worship of Zeus Lycaeus, founding Lycosura near the top of Mount Lyeieus. He, however, in his savage ignorance offered human sacrifices, and therefore at the very altar was turned into a wolf. Another version dwells on the crimes of Lycaon and his sons, which finally brought Zeus from Oiyminis to investigate the reports. To him a child was offered and the fiesh set before the god. who in anger slew all the family with the thunderbolt, save one son, or transformed Lycaon into a wolf, and slew the sons. The transformation story is evidently due to etymologizing, but it seems probable that hu- man sacrifices were long offcreil to Zeus Lycaeus on the top of the mountain. The exact relation of Lj-caon to this cult is not clear, but it is by no means improbable that he was originally a god, perhaps a wolf-god worshiped with savage rites, perhaps a light-god. who was disjilaced, like so many other lesser gods, by the greater god, and thus sank to a hero of legend. LYCAON". See Huxti.xg-Dog. LYCAONIA, lik'a-o'ni-a (Lat, from Gk. Ai'/inorm, Lykaonia) . In ancient geography, a country forming part of the tableland of Asia Minor. It was bounded on the east by Cappa- docia, on the north by Galatia, on the west by Pisidia and Phrygia. and on the south by Cilieia. Its capital was Iconium (sec KoN'IEII), and Derbe and Lystra were among its cities. Having formed a part of the domains of the kings of Cappadocia. it was, in a.d. 41, incor- porated in the Roman Province of Galatia. It was made a separate province in the early fourth century. Later it fell under the Seljuk rulers. SeeDERRE; Gala TLA; Koxieh; Lystra. LYCE'TJM: (Lat., from Gk. M-Kunv, Lykeion, neut. of AiKeior^ Lykeios, epithet of Apollo; connected with tvK6s, leukos. white, bright. Lat. lux. light. Skt. rue. to shine; popularly connected either with Xfeos, lykos, wolf, as being supposed to be a slayer of wolves, or with A™(n, Lykia, as being regarded as a Lycian divinity). Tho largest of the g>'mnasia of ancient Athens, which received its name from the temple of Apollo Lyeius. that stood near by. The Lyceum was situated in the eastern suburb of the city, soutli of the C^Tiosarges. and not far from the city wall. Socrates used to frequent the spot, and here, in the groves and walks that belonged to the place, Aristotle at a later period gave in- struction in philosophy. Hence the more recent meanings of the word liave been derived: a school where philosophy is cultivated, an intermediate classical school (France), and a building used for lectures and the like.