Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/608

* LUNEBtTBG. 542 LUNGARNO. the deposits of liiiiestoiu-, t'.vpsuni, and salt in its Vicinity. It still iiroduces the last two products ou a liirge scale. It has manufactures of chemi- cals, fertilizers, carpets, iron wares, etc. The trade is chielly in agricultural products. Popu- lation, in 18U0, 20,605; in lt»00, 2-l,093, largely Protestants. The town gives its name to a large tract of moorland known as the Liincburger Heido. Liineburg was a llourisiiing place in the iliddle Ages. It einancipatod itself from the rule of the dvikes of LiiMel)urg (see liiuxswiCK, HovSE OF), became an iiilluential member of the llanseatic League, and at the time of the Ueformation was oneljf the richest towns of Xorth Germany. In the first half of the sevcnteentli century the city lost its independence, being brought under the sway of the duUes of Brunswick-Liineburg. It subsequently shared the fortunes of Hanover. LUNENBURG, loo'nrn-bnrg. A seaport of Kova sicotia, llic capital of Lunenburg County (.Map: Xuva Scotia, E 5). Settled in 17.53 by Germans, it retains a distinct Teutonic charac- ter. It has a cai)acious and well-sheltered har- bor, ship-building yards, a large fishing-lieet. and c<msidcrable trade with the West Indies in. lumber and fish. The Inited States is repre- sented bv a consular agent. Population, in 1891. 48liS: in 1001, 2910. LUNETTE (Fr., little moon). (1) In forti- fication, a small work beyond the ditch of the ravelin, formed at the reentering angle made by the ravelin and bastion. (See Fortification.) (2) In architecture, the semicircular aperture or surface formed by the intersection of a tun- vault bv another vault or a wall. If an aper- ture it "is closed with glass, and when a sur- face it is often decorated with mural painting. LUNEVILLE, lu'nA'vel'. A town in the De- partment of .k-urthe-et-Jloselle. France, on the Meurthe. 20i^ miles by rail southeast of Nancy ( Jlap : France. N 3 ) . The Church of Saint Jacques (1730-4.5). decorated with frescoes and wood- carvings, is worthy of notice. The former palace of the dukes of Lorraine (1703-00) was ex- tended by Stanislas LeszcCTnski, the ex-King of Poland, and is now used as barracks, and its gardens have been converted into promenades. The town has a college and a library and a museum in the town hall. The chief products are faience, linen, machinery, wagons, leather, gloves, etc. The trade is in agricultural prod- ucts, wine, and local manufactures. Populaficin, in 1891, 21,.542: in 1901. 23.209. At LunOvillc. February 9. ISOl, Austria and the Cierman Em- pire concluded "a peace with France. The war which this treaty ended had begun in 1799, after the departure of Xapolcon for Eg>-pt. and is known in history as the 'War of the Second Coalition.' England! Austria. Turkey, Russia, Por- tugal, and Naples all having combined against France. At first the Allies were successful, but after Napoleon's return the Austrians were de- cisively defeated on .Tune 14. ISOO. by Napoleon himself at ;Marcngo. and on December 3d by Jloreau at Ilohenlinden. The Emperor Francis thereupon accepted the Peace of Luneville. which was based on that of Campo-Formio (q.v.). Germany west of the Rhine was relinquished to France, and an important change ensued in the composition of the German Empire through the secularization of ecclesiastical States and the incorporation of free cities with the hereditary principalities. These changes in the Empire were not consummated until 1803, when the Imperial Delegation published its conclusions. The Rhine from source to mouth was made the boundary of France. The indeiiendence of the Batavian, Helvetic, Cisalpine, ami Ligu- rian rei)ublios was recognized; Austria was guaranteed the possession of Venetia as far as the Adige, which became the boundary of the Austrian possessions in Northern Italy; the Grand Duke of Tuscany lost his land to the Duke of Parma: the Diichy of llodena was an- nexed to the Cisapline Republic, its ruler re- ceiving the Breisgau in exchange. The ])rinees dispossessed on the left bank nf the Rhine were to be indemnified by the secularization of ecclesi- astical lands on the right liank. The treaty was signed liy Francis 11. lioth as sovereign of Aus- tria and as head of the Holy Roman Empire, though, by the fundamental law of the Empire, the Emperor could not bind the electors and States of Germany without their previous eon- sent. Consult Sloane. IJfc of Xapolcon Bona- jHirle (New York, 1890). LUNG, loong (Chin,, dragon). The chief of the foir supernatural beasts of Chinese legen- dary lore, and of the 300 species of scaly reptiles. As "usually represented the lung has a scaly, serpentine bodv. with four feet armed with long claws, a bearded scowling head, straight lioriis, a line of bristling dorsal spines, and ilames pro- ceeding from its hips and shoulders— the usual mark of a supernatural animal. Originally it was represented with three claws, but the num- ber has been increased, the Imperial dragon of the present dynasty having five. This is the kind usually 'embroidered on the Emperor's robes, and "represented on the porcelains, etc., made for Imperial use. In Japan the Imperial dragon has only four claws. The Emperor's throne is called the 'dragon-throne;' his face is spoken of as the 'dragon-countenance:' the Im- perial fiag has a dragon on an imperial yellow ground, and is .styled the 'dragon-banner.' and wlien the Emi)eror' dies he is borne 'on high' by dragons. The dragon has the power of rendering itself visible or invisible, and may become at will as small as a silkworm, or assume such propor- tions as to fill the universe. There are many difTerent kinds of lung: the 'celestial dragons.' which guard the mansions of the gods; 'spiritual dragons.' which rule the winds and produce rain; 'earth-dragons,' which direct the flow of rivers and sjirings. There is also a Buddhist 'dragon of the law.' which is represented as firmly grasping the 'jewel of the law' in its out- stretched paws; and on old bronzes, as well as on porcelains and other objects, an archaic dragon called Chili-hiiiri is sometimes found. It is lizard like, has no claws on its feet, but has a spiral bifid tail. In art the 'celestial dragon' is usually represented as moving rapidly through the clouds in pursuit of an effulgent jewel from which flames issue as it whirls through space, and which is supposed to be possessed of great magic efficacv. It was a yellow dragon which rose out of the river Loh in ancient times and, presented to the view of Fuh-hi (q.v,) the mystic symbols which form the pa-kica or 'Eight Dia- grams.' LUNG. See Respir.tiox. Organs of. LUNGARNO, IfJon-giir'nS (It., along the Arno). The name given to the interesting streets I