Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/601

* LUMBER INDUSTRY. 535 LUMINOSITY OF ANIMALS. when the present sources of supply are exhausted, otliers may be opened in the unexi)lored regions of Central and South America and Africa. On the other liand. tlicre seems to he danger that the supply of coniferous woods which constitute the bulk of the lumber trade may be speedily ex- hausted, not only in the United .States, but also in the markets of the world. The main sources of an increased supply are Canada, Sweden, and Russia. Net Impohts and Exports COUSTEIE8 Net imports Net exports Tons aao.ouu 200.000 loj.ooo 150.000 50,(KX) 60.000 ■20.000 10.000 3,om) Tons EjjVpt .'..... China West Indies, Mexico, New 13,000 28.000 India 55,000 Total 975,000 879,000 96,000 Bibliography. For statistics and general in- formation on the lumber industry, consult; Schlich, paper on "'The Outlook of the World's Timber Supply," publislied in tlie Journal of the Sociclii of Alls, Marcli 1, 1!)0I (London). See also the chapter on the "Lumber Trade." by Bernard E. Fernow, Chief of Division of Forestry, United States Department of Agriculture, in One Hundred Years of American Commeree (New York, 1895); the pamphlet by M. Melard, In- spector of Forests at Paris, on The Insujfieiency of the Product ion of Timlier in the World (Paris, 1900). Also "The Lumber Trade of the United States," in the Monthli/ l^umnuiri/ of Commerce and Finance for November, 1900, issued by the Bureau of Statistics at Washington ; Articles on "Lumber," Twelfth United .S7afes Census (Wash- ington, 1902), See Forest; Forestry; Wood- WoRKixG Machinery. LUMBER STATE. JMaine. See States, Poini.AK Names of. LUMBRICOID (from hat. lumhricus, intes- tinal worm + C;k, elSas, eidos, form ) . A nema- tode worm fovuid as a parasite in the human intestine. It is a reddish-yellow worm from 8 inrhcs to 16 inches in length, and nearly one-half incli in diameter, round, and with a tapering tail. It is transmitted to human beings without an intermediate host, the eggs which contain em- bryos being swallowed in drinking-water and resisting the action of the digestive lluids. It is generally harmless, though in some eases it has undoubtedly caused death by entering the bile-ducts and gaining access to the substance of the liver, the pancreatic duct, and even the air-passages, the Eustachian tubes, and the laclirymal ducts, A mass of eighty or one hun- dred of these worms has been found at one time in the small intestine. During a course of years thousands of worms have been passed per rectum by one victim. Kcllex nervous symptoms have becii caused by them in the majority of cases, and paralysis, convulsions, epilepsy, cata- lepsy, and tetanoid states have been attributed to them with i:rcat reason. Among the drugs used to procure expulsion of the rcjundworm are azcdaracli, .santonin, spigclia, turpentine, mucuna, and ehenopodium, LUMINAIS, li.i'nu'-'na', Evarlste Vital (lS-;i-9ii). A French genre and historical paint- er, born at Nantes. He was a pupil of Cogniet and of Troyon in Paris, where he first exhibited chiefly .spirited scenes from popular life in Brit- tany, such as "Breton Fair" (1847); "The Pirates" (1851); "Reading the Will" (18.53); "Hunting for Sea Birds' Nests" (1855); and "Two Guardians" (1804). Afterwards he drew his subjects more frequently from the mediicval history of France, especially of the Merovingian period. Prominent among these are "Gallic Re- venge" (1809); "Brunhild" (1874); "A Hunt Under King Dagobert" (1879) ; "The Last of the Merovingians'' (1883) ; and "Death of Cliilperic I." ( 1885). Several of his numerous productions are in the provincial museums of France, notably "Defeat of the Germans at Tolbiac" ( 1848 ) and "Return from tlu: Chase" ( I8U1 ), both at Nantes ; "Gauls in Siglit of Rome" (1870). at Nancy; and "Advance Guard" ( 1870) , at Bordeaux, LUMINOSITY OF ANIMALS (ML. lumi- nosilds, splendor, from Lat. lnuiin<jxun, shining, from lunnii, light, from Ulcere, to shine; connect- ed with Gk. Xct/xAs, Icukos, white, Skt. rue, to shine, OChureh Slav, lucha, moon, OTr. lOche, lightning. OHG. lioht, Ger. Licht, AS. Icoht, Eng. lifllit ) . The property possessed by many ani- mals of giving otV from the whole or part of their surface a light similar in appearance to that of phosphorescence. This light was at first supposed by many to be in some way due to the presence of ])hosphorus in the animaTs tissue, and hence the name phosphorescence was first given to this kind of luminosity. Subsequent in- vestigation has made it certain that phosphorus has nothing whatever to do with the i)henomenoii. This kind of light continues or is emitted only in the i)resencc of oxygen. Fabre demonstrated that the luminous musluoom (.Agarieus) gives oft" more carbonic-acid gas wliile luminescent than at other times, and Max SchuUze has called attention to the fact that the pliotogenic cells of the lightning- bug are always found in dose relation .with the trachea>. If these photogenic cells are placed near perosmic acid they draw oxygen from the acid. Radziszewski has. studied the conditions under which chemical substances exhibit luminescence and has found that a whole series of substances emit light when they are permitted to combine with o.xygen in an alkaline solution. Such sub- stances are fats, etlicreal oils, hydrocarbons, and alcohols, but heat is necessary with some of them for the i)roduction of light. Since in living tis- sue fats, oils, and the like are present, together with sulistances which give an alkaline reaction, the conditions that are essential for luminosity are present. Wielowiejski and Emery conclude that the photogenic sui)stanees exist in the cells of the luminous organs, and may be in the na- ture of fats, while Dubois, from his studies on Pyrophorus, considers the light to be due to two suKstanccs, 'luciferase' and ■lucifcrine.' I.uci- ferase he believes to be in the nature of an enzyme which exists in the form of minute gran- ules. The second substance exists in the blood and becomes luminous only when it is borne into the luminous organ. 'ata.se believes the photo- genic material to be the product of secretion of