Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/597

* LULLY. 531 LUMBER INDUSTRY. foitli in liis -lis Magna. He wrote a great nun- ber of treatises, theological, philosopliieal, and dealing with alchemy, in which he won the repute of a master. His reported achievements in this line, which gained him the title of doctor illumi- natissintiif!. are no doiiht exaggerated, but he made certain real ami valuable discoveries. His style is involved, figurative, and obscure. An incomplete and uncritical edition of his works, begim b}- Salzinger, appeared in eight volumes, at ilainz, 1721-42. A new edition has been un- dertaken by Rossollo. (Palma, 188G sqq.). For his life, consult: Helfferieh (Berlin, 18.58), and Branibach (Karlsridie, 189.3); consult also: Sti'iekl. (lesrhichlc dcr Pliilosophie (Mainz, 1875); Pruntl. (,'eschichte der Lo(ik, vol. iii. (Leipzig, 18fi7) ; Pelayo, Historia tie los lielero- dexos (Madrid, 1880) ; Zwemer, Raymond Lully, First Missionari) to the Jloslems (New York, 1902) ; Frost, The Art de Contemplacio of Ramon Lull (Balti7uore, 190.3). LULONGO, loo-li'in'go- A tributary of tho Congu. it rises in the north-central part of the Congo Free State and flows in a westerly direc- tion, joining the Congo at Lulongo. LUMACHELLE, lu'ma'shel' (from It. luma- chclhi, diminutive of liimaca, snail,, from Lat. Untax, snail). A dark-brown shell marble with a brilliant fire-like or chatoyant internal reflec- tion that comes from the shells occluded in it. The best-known varieties come from Bleiberg, Austria, and from Astrakhan, Russia. LUMBA'GO ( Lat., disease or weakness of the loins). A very common and painful afi'ection of the muscles of the loins and their tendinous at- • tachments. It comes on suddenly, and in very severe cases com|)!ctely incapacitates the patient, who may be unable to turn in bed or to rise from the sitting position. It is caused generally by conditions favorable to the development of rheu- matism, such as cohl and exposure. It may fcd- ]ov exposure to a draught of air. Men, especially laborers, and those of a rheumatic or gouty habit, are more prone to this alVection. One attack renders the sufl'erer more liable to others. The affection may become subacute or even chronic. The pain is often very severe; it may be a dull ache, but is usually sharp and cramp-like. It may be constant, or may occur only when the muscles are etmtractcd by an effort to move. The affection may last for a few hours, or it may be prolonged for several weeks. Pressure on the affected part usually gives relief. It may be distinguished from kidney disease by the nausea, vomiting, chills, fever, condition of the urine, and other characteristics of tlie latter. In the treat- ment of lumbago, rest is of the fir.st importance. Acupuncture is a very eflicient means of relief. Sterilized needles, from three to four inches in length, are thrust into the lumbar muscles at the Beat of the pain, and withdrawn after five or ten minutes; in many instances this treatment gives immediate relief. The constant galvanic current is sometimes very beneficial. The thermocautery, hot fomentations, a Turkish bath, and, in ob- stinate eases, a blister may be employed. In chronic cases iodide of potash, guaiacum, and sulphur may be used. Those subject to lundiago should be wannly clothed, and should, if possible, avoid cold and dampness. Consult Dana. Text- book of Xcrcoits Diseases (New York, 1901). LUMBER INDUSTRY (probably connected with Swed. lomra, to resound, from dial. Swed. Ijiimm, Icel. hljomr, sound, Goth, hliuma, hear- ing; so called as being 'lumbering' things). The production and manufacture of timber for build- ing purposes (boards, i)lanks, joists, shingles, etc.), telegraph-poles, timber for ship-building, railroad-ties, pulj)-wood, jiaving-blocks. wood for furniture manufacture and cabinet-work, is one of the most extensive and important industries of the world. The United States, British Ameri- ca, Russia, Sweden, Germany, and France are the chief lumber-producing coimtries, though tropi- cal States and colonies furnish many Iwautiful varieties of timber, such as mahogany, ebony, and rosewood, which are chiefly used in furniture- making. With the increasing demands for lumber there has been a corresponding increase in the varieties of wood available for various industrial purposes. Substitutes have been foimd for many of the varieties of lumber which served a.s standards for so many years, and often such substitutes have proved superior to the woods displaced. With industrial progress, distant countries have been drawn upon to fill the supply, and in this way woods eminently suited for particular purposes have been obtained. Lt'MiiER Trade of the United States. His- tory. — In earlier days an important part of the lumber trade of the United States was the getting out of long timbers to be used as masts and spars. The tall evergreens of Maine and later of Oregon and Washington have been cut for this purpose. Since the introduction, in ISOO, of the process of making paper from wood-])ul]). the procuring of this material has attained gi-eat importance. For years wood was, and in many rural sections still is, the principal fuel. But the use of wood for building purposes creates the chief demand, espe- cially for the white pine. The lumber industry consists of three branches, which are defined in the sections on the lumber industry of the Twelfth United States Census. as follows: "(1) The logging industry, including the felling of timber, cutting it into lengths, and transporting it by rail or river to the mill. This industry is carried on in part by individuals who own or operate sawmills. The raw mate- rial of this industry consists of standing timber, the finished product consists of logs delivered at the mill. (2) The sawmill industry, in which the raw material consists of saw-logs, and the product of rough lumber, including beams, joists, scantlings, boards, shingles, laths, etc. (.3) The planing-mill industry, in which the raw material consists of rough lumber and the finished prod- uct of planed, with such minor manufactures as are carried on in connection with these mills. Some of the planing-mills are operated in con- nection with sawmills, as a part of their opera- tions, while others are under separate owner- ship and management." During the last half of the nineteenth century great improvenumts were introduced in all three branches of this industry. The modern lumber camp is as completely or- ganized as the modern factory. The laborers are divided into swampers, road-makers, choppers, sawyers, loaders, and teamsters. In the North- eastern and Lake States the business is conducted chiefly in the winter, but in other parts of the countrv it is carried on the vear around. River-