Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/596

* I.UKE. 530 LULLY. Secundum Lukam (Leipzig, 1897) ; id., Philulogy of the Gospels (Eng. trans. London, 1898) ; Vogel, Zur Vharaktcristik des ii/Ans luich ' Sprache und Stil (Leipzig, 1899) ; Wright, The Oospil According to Luke in Greek (London, 1900). LUKE OF PBAGXJE (c.1460-1528). A bishop of the Bolicniian Bri'tliren. He was born in Bohemia, studied at i'rague, visited Constanti- nople find the- East to see if there were primitive Christians there (1491), and Italy and France ,to confer with the Waldenses (1497-99). He was chosen bishop in 1500. The Bohemian Brethren had in him a stanch and wise defender. He improved their ritual, prepared their cate- chism and hynm-book (1.^05) — certainly among the earliest publications of the l;ind — wrote against their critics, and brought them into ciin- taet with the German reformers (1522 and 1524). In all he wrote some 80 volumes in Latin and Bohemian. LTJLE, IriTT'I.'i. A tribe or confederacy with several subtribes, apparently constituting a dis- tinct stocU, formerly roving over the Cliaco re- gion of Northern Argentina. In 1690 the Jesuit Bareena xrote a grammar of the language which he called the Tonicule, after one of their sub- tribes. Another grammar of the language was published by the missionary Machoni in 1732. They are now extinct, the nearest representatives of the ancient tribe appearing to be the Vilela, on the Vermejo River, in extreme Northeastern Argentina. LULEA, lUo'le-n- A port of Sweden, situated on the Gulf of Bothnia at the mouth of the Lule- Elb. After the fire in 1SS7 it was relniilt on a regular plan with straight streets. Since it be- came a railroad terminus in 1889 it has grown rapidly in importance, being the chief export town for Gellivara iron ore. Other exports are lumber, tar, reindeer, skins, and salmon. A steamship line runs to Stockholm. Population, in 1901, 9484. LULL, Ramon. See Lullt, Raymond. LULLY, lul'li, or LULLI, Jean Baptiste ( 1633-87 ) . A celebrated composer, and the found- er of the French opera. He was born at Flor- ence, the son of a miller, and displaying, while still a child, a remarkable natural gift for music, he was educated by a monk in the use of the guitar. At the age of fourteen he went to Paris and found employment as scullion in the household of the Princess de Montpensier. He, however, taught himself to play the violin, and was placed among the 24 violinists attached to the service of the King. He soon umlcrtook com- position, and so successfully that the King, hav- ing heard him perform his own pieces, made him the leader of a new band, called 'les pctits violons.' He was subsequently appointed super- intendent of Court music, and finally placed at the head of the Academic Royale de Musique, which the King foumled in 1669, and was made one of the King's secretaries. He composed 19 operas, besides l)allet music and miscellaneous pieces, and even such composers as Handel and Purcell have not hesitated to acknowledge their obligations to him. He was on terms of inti- macy with Moli&re. composed music for some of his pieces, and even acted with success in his comedies. He gave to his adopted country the fundamental principle of what has since come to be recognized as the French school of opera, and introduced simplicity and directness of ex- pression. Up to 1778 Lully's operas continued to hold the public favor : but after Gluek, Piccini, and Paisiello came into fashion he was heard no more. Alcctile (1674), Thcscc (1675), I'ersie (1682), and Armidc (1086) are his most im- portant compositions. He died in Paris. LULLY, Raymond (Raimundo Lullo. Ramon LiLL) (c.1235-1315). One of the remarkable men of the thirteenth century and a pioneer in Europe in the study of the Arabic language and iloliammedanism. He was born at Pal- ma, on the island of Majorca, of good family, about 1235. In his youth he led a dissolute life as courtier and soldier. But about 1266 he with- drew to solitude, and for five years led the her- mit's life. The sudden change produced a fervid and enthusiastic state of mind, under the influ- ence of which LuUy formed the project of a spiritual crusade for the conversion of the ilus- sulmans, an idea he never afterwards abandoned. In 1272 he entered the Third Order of Saint Francis, and two or three years later persuaded King James of Aragon to found a monastery in Majorca to train missionaries for his project. In pursuance of this plan he studied theology, philosophy, and the Arabic language. The better to prosecute his studies, he betook himself to Paris, and received his degree there in 1288. He returned to Spain, where he taught and strove to enlist popes and princes in his enterprise. His .success was not great, and at the end of 1291 or beginning of 1292 ho went to Tunis to carry on his work single-handed. He drew large crowds of attentive hearers, and held disputations with learned ^lohannnedans, who, however, were as anxious to convert him as he to convert them, and the result was that little impression was made by either of the parties. Finally, however, Lully was thrown into prison and exjielled from the country. After lecturing at Najdes for sev- eral years, he proceeded to Rome : thenec to his native island of Majorca, where he labored for the conversion of the Mohammedans and Jews; thence to Cyprus and Armenia, zealously exerting himself to bring back the different schismatic parties of the Oriental Church to orthodoxy. In 1306-07 he again undertook to prove the truth of Christianity to the ilussulmans of Africa, and was again expelled. He subsequently went to Paris, and lectured against the principles of Averrogs. His appeals to the Pojie were not altogether fruitless, inasnuieh as he induceil Clement V. to provide for instruction in Orien- tal languages at Rome, Paris, Oxford. Bologna, and Salamanca. In 1315 Lully undertook a third mission to Africa. Eager for martyr- dom, he threatened the people with divine judg- ment if they refused to abjure Mohanunedan- ism. At Timis he was dragged out of the city, stoned, and died of his wounds on a ves- sel at sea near the island of Cabrera. June 30. 1315. His body was carried to Majorca, a fine tomb was erected, and stories of miracles have gathered about it. Lully's system of logic, to the elaboration and dissemination of which he gave much time and labor, professed to aid the mind in the acquisition and retention of knowledge by systematic arrangement of subjects and ideas and a fantastic scheme of mechanical help. It is set