Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/584

* LUCIFEB. 518 He wa3 born in Sardinia. In 354 he was sent LUCIUS. by Liberius, Bishop of Kome, with Eusebius of Vercelli, to defend Athanasius at the Council of Milan, for which he was for a time imprisoned, and then banished by the Arian Emperor Con- stantius.. and lived mostly at Eleutheropolis, in Syria, where he composed his chief work, AdCon- siantium Augustum pro Hancto Alhanasio. In consequence of his bold and vehement invective he was .sent to Egj'pt. Released from exile on the death of Constan'tius, 3(il, he was commissioned by the Council of Alexandria to heal the divisions in the Church of Antioch, which had arisen from the dissensions between the Arians and the Ortho- dox. But he widened the schism by ordaining Paulinus to the sec, for which he was rebuked by his friends, dialing under the rebuke ami displeased with the decree of the Council of Alexandria readmittin" the adherents of Arian- ism, he retired in 303 to his native i.sland of Sardinia and founded a small and short-lived sect called Luciferians, whose distinguishing tenet was that no Arian should be received into the Church. He died in Sardinia, 371. His works are in Migne, Patrol. Lat., xiii. LUCIFEB, (Lat., light-bearer), or Piiospno- KUs. Tlic morning star. Hesiod makes Phos- phorus son of Eos, the dawn, and Astr-TUs; others call his father Cephalos. He is the favor- ite of Aphrodite, with whom he vies in lieauty, and of whose temple he has charge. Wlien the identity of the morning and evening star was recognized. Phosphorus and Hesperus were made brothers, and represented in art much like the Dioscuri. In the translation of a verse of Isaiah (xiv. 12) the word is used with reference to the glory of the King of Babylon. The passage runs in tile Authorized Version as follows: "How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! How art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations!" Tliis was later understood to be the fall of Satan from heaven, and thus the word Lucifer has come to be used to denote the fallen archangel, as by Milton and many others. LUCILE, Ifi-sel'. A narrative poem by Lord Lvtton ((Jwcn ileredith). published in ISOO. Prac- tically a French novel with the personages altered, but the diction and many of the incidents taken from the Luiinia of Oeorge Sand, it was a clever metrical experiment in English anapsestic rhj-med couplets which won remarkable success and pop- ularity. The tale could liave been told as well in prose, and the poet afterwards regretted its publication as being at variance with his riper experience of the attributes of poetry. LUCILTUS, Oaius (n.c. 148-103). A Roman poet, born at Suessa Aurunca (Sessa), in the northwestern part of Campania, Italy. He was of the equestrian order, and the maternal grand- uncle of Pompey the Great. In his sixteenth vear he served under Scipio Africanus at the siege of Xumantia. He is generally considered the originator of Latin satirical composition, at least of that form adopted by Horace, Persius, and Juvenal. His satires were popular in the Augus- tan Age, and to him Horace, .luvcnal. and Persius seem to have been indebted for their best thoughts and expressions, as satirists. His style was distinguished by great energy of expression, but deficient in elegance and clearness. He at- tacked vice with great severity. He was on inti- mate terms with Ltelius and Scipio. His works consist of thirty satires, a comedy, epodes, and hymns, none of which are extant except 800 frag- ments of his satires, the longest of which has only thirteen verses. These have been collected and published by R. and H. Stephens in their Fragiiicnta J'oelarum 'eterum Liitiiiorum; by Miiller (Leipzig, 1872), and by Baehrens (Leip- zig, 1880). Consult: ^Miiller, Lcben unil Wcrfcc des Gaius Lucilius (Leipzig, 1870) ; and Patin, Etudes sur la poesie latine (Paris, 1883, vol. ii., pp. 306-400). LUCI'NA (Lat., she who pertains to light). In Roman mythology, the surname of .Juno as the goddess of light, and especially as the deity who presided over the birth of children. This func- tion of Juno Lucina became so prominent that the surname came to have the same meaning as 'Ei£l0via, {Eileithyia) in Greek. At the birth of a cliild a payment was made at her temiile, and women sacrificed to her after a safe delivery. LUCIUS, lu'shi-iis. The name of three popes. Lucius I. Pope probably from June 2.5, 2.53, to March 5, 2.54. That he was banished for a time is evident from a letter of Cyprian in congratu- lation upon his release from exile. The asser- tion that he died a martyr's death cannot be proved. From Cyprian it appears that he was in favor of the restoration to the Church of the lapsed who fell away from the faith under heathen persecution. Consult Lipsius, Chronolo- gie der rfjmischen Bischfjfe his zur ilHte d' vierten Jahrhunderis (Kiel, 1869). Luciu.s II. Pope 1144-4.5. Gherard da Caccian michi. He first appears prominently in 1124-30 cardinal-presbvter of Santa Croce and legate Honorius II. to Germany. In 1130 he becan a partisan of Innocent II., who at Honoriu- death was elected Pope, against the Antip'i Anacletus II. He was rewarded by appoiu ment as librarian and chancellor of the Holy See. He succeeded Celestine II. as Pope, but proved unequal to the difficulties resultant from the confused state of affairs at Rf:.ie. A n - volt broke out, Giordano Pierleone, its leadt ■ was chosen pntriciiis, and a new Senate v elected {lienorntio sacri scnatus). Lucius w - asked to relinquish his exalted rights and privi- leges, and content himself with the tithes and oblations of a bishop of the primitive Church. He refused, vainly sought aid from the Emperrir Conrad III., and "finally enlisted the Frangipani, enemies of Pierleone, in his behalf, but died be- fore the decision of the contest. Lucius III. Pope 1181-8.5, ITialdo Allucingoli. During his pontificate the struggle was con- tinued for the great estates bequeathed by the Countess Matilda of Tuscany to the Holy See (111.5) and contested by the Emperor Frederick I?arl)arossa. Lucius replied to an offer of com- promise from the Emperor by demanding the immediate surrender of the estates. This Fred- erick, with the existence of the Empire in Cen- tral Italy at stake, refused. A conference held at Verona in Octol)er, 1184, resulted in no solution. Frederick, however, acceded to the Pope's request to begin preparations for a cru- sade to rescue Palestine from Saladin. Luciii = was expelled from Rome through insurrection, and although he obtained money from Englaii'l to maintain warfare against his opponents, after- wards resided mainly at Verona.