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* LTJCAN. 512 LUCAS VAN LEYDEN. in A.D. 65. According to Tacitus, when aircsted after the betrayal of the plot_. he tried to save his life by accusing his mother of complicity. But the Emperor did not spare him for the sake of this additional crime; he was compelled to de- stroy himself by having his veins opened, and he died in this way, and with a certain ambitious composure, at twenty-six years of age. Lucan holds a conspicuous place among the poets of Rome. The only work of his that has come down to us is the Pharsalia, an epic, in ten books, on the civil war between C.Tsar and Pompey. As an epic it is in parts disappoint- ing; for it proceeds in the manner of annals, and lacks the comprehensiveness, unity, and learning of the greatest works of its class. Nor is its style, generally speaking, good, for it is often turgid and obscure. But when every deduction has been made, the Pharsalia affords ample proof that Lucan was a man of real and powerful genius. There is an eye for the eublime, botli in the moral and physical world, constantly present in it ; there is all the vigor of poetic oratory in its declamations; and there are felicities of epigram which have secured to many a line a constant freshness of life as part of the familiarly remembered litera- ture of the world. Lucan was very poinilar in the Jliddle Ages, and in modern times his poem has been a particular favorite among the lovers of political freedom. The first book of the Pharsalia was translated into English verse by Christopher Marlowe in 1593 ; and the whole poem was set in English verse by Rowe (London. 1718. with several later editions) — a translation which Dr. Johnson thought one of the best in the language. There is a literal English prose translation by Riley (London, 1S5.S). The best editions of the Phar- salia are those of Haskins, with introduction and notes (London, 1887), and Hosius (Leipzig, 1892), LUCA'NIA. In ancient geography, a district of Southern Italy, or Magna Grrecia, extending from the Tyrrhenian Sea on the west to the C4ulf of Tarentum on the east; bounded south by Bruttii, north by Apulia and Saninium, and northwest by Campania. With the exception of an extensive plain l)etween the Apennines and the Gulf of Tarentum, the region is mountain- ous. It was one of the wildest parts of Italy, and sent fi'oni its mountain forests wild boars for the amphitheatres of Rome. The principal cities were Sybaris, Heraclea, Metapontum, and Thurium on the east coast; Piestum (earlier Posidonia) and Elea or Velia on the coast of the' Tyrrhenian Sea ; Pandosia and Potentia, in the interior. The original inhabitants of Lucania were the Cliones and the (Enotrians, who were gradually subdued by the Samnites, from the noi-th, about li.c. 300. In B.C. 272 Lucania was subjected 1)y the Romans. LtrCA'RIS, Cyril (c.l.572-lG.3S). A Greek theologian. lie was born in Crete, proliably in 1572, studied first at Venice, and afterwards at Padua, and subsequently visited Switzerland, where he formed intimate relations with the Prot- estant doctors, and carried back into Greece their spirit and their dogmas. Ordained a priest, he became Patriarch of Alexandria in 1002, and in 1621 Patriarch of Constantinople. He still cher- ished his Protestant opinions, and endeavored to promulgate them in the Church over which he ruled; but his conduct excited violent opposition among the clergy, and Lucaris was in consequence banished to Rhodes. Through the infiuence of the English Ambassador, however, he was soon reinstated. A confession of faith he had printed at Geneva in 1029, quite Protestant in its char- acter, fell into the hands of his adversaries, and he was once more involved in dilficulties. In 1030 ho was banished to the isle of Tcnedos, and, though recalled after a few montlis, in June, 1638, he was seized in Constantinople, hurried on board a vessel, and it was never positively ascertained what became of him. According to some, he was strangled in the ship which bore him oflf; according to others, he suffered this fate in a castle on the shores of the Black Sea. His doctrines have been repeatedly condenuied by Greek synods. The Codex Alcxandrinus was presented bv him to Charles I. of England. Con- sult his Life by Piehler (Munich, 18G2). LUCAS, Iv'ka', Edouard (1842-91), A French mathematician, born at Amiens, He was ed- ucated at the Ecole Pol.ytechnique and the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris. Upon leaving the latter he was made adjunct astronomer at the national observatory. He then became professor of mathematics at the lycees Charlemagne and Saint-Louis. His mathematical work was con- fined almost entirely to the theory of numbers, along the line followed by Fermat, although he also contributed somewhat to the theory of conies and to modern geometry. Besides a large num- ber of memoirs in the Xoucclles Aiinales, Comj>tes Rcndus, and other journals, he published the following works: Applicalion de I'arithmv- tique a la construction de I'armure des satins riguliers (1807) ; Rcchcrchcs siir I'analyse indv- termince et I'arithmitiquc de Diophanie (1873) ; Recreations mathcmatiques (1881-94); Thcorie des nomhrcs (1891). He was also co-editor with Henry of the (Eucrcs compUtes de Fermat. LU'CAS, John Seymour (1849—). An Eng- lish historical and portrait painter. He was born in London, December 21, 1840. He was a pupil at Saint Martin's School of Art, and in 1871 entered the Royal Academy, where a year later he exiiibited his first picture, the "Apothecary" from Romeo and Juliet. He became associate of the Royal Academy in 1880. Among his best works are the "Burgomaster" (1877) ; "Armada in Sight" (1880); "Spy in Camp" (1882); "Whip for Van Tromp" (1883); "After Cullo- den" (1884), purchased by the Royal Academv; "Peter the Great at Deptford" (ISSO) ; "Eloped";" and the "Smoker." In 1898 he painted the fresco for the Royal Exchange representing "William the Conqueror Granting the First Charter to the City of London." LUCAS DE BORGO, Ini/kas da bor'go. See Paccioli. LUCAS VAN LEYDEN, van ll'den (1494- 1533). A Dutch painter, line-engraver, and designer for woodcuts. He was born at Leyden. the son of Huig Jacobsz. an engraver, from whom he received his first instruction. He also studied under Cornells Engelbrechtsen in 1508, and at an early age was a celebrated engraver. When twenty-one years of age he married a ricli wife of the Borchiuzen family in his native town, and then made his residence in Antwerp. In 1521 he was elected a member of the Guild of Saint Luke, and in 1527 he traveled luxuriously I