Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/550

LOUIS PHILIPPE.  in tone; Montalivet, Le roi Louis-Philippe (ib., 1851). See.  LOUIS THE GERMAN (c.804-876). King of the Eastern Franks from 843 to 876. He was the third son of the Emperor Louis the Pious, and when his father in 817 made a division of the Empire among his sons, Louis received a kingdom centring around Bavaria. This was the nucleus of the Kingdom of Germany. In the later divisions, between 829 and 840, Louis always retained Bavaria. During these years he was engaged in almost consfant struggles against his father or against his brothers. After the death of Louis the Pious, in 840, he joined with Charles the Bald against Lothair. In 841, in the battle of Fontonoy, he and Charles defeated Lothair and forced the latter in 843 to agree to a fresh division of the Empire in the Treaty of Verdun. Louis remained King of the German or East Frankish Kingdom, ruling over Bavarians, Swabians, Franconians, and Saxons. He had to defend his dominions against Slavic invaders on one side and Northmen on another. In 858 he invaded the West Frankish Kingdom and conquered it in part; but in 860 he made peace, resigning his conquests to Charles the Bald. In 870 he forced Charles the Bald to make the Treaty of Mersen, by which the Lotharingian territories were divided between the West Frankish and the German kingdoms. He died at Frankfort, August 28, 876. Consult Dümmler, Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reiches (2 vols., 2d ed., Berlin, 1887).  LOUIS (I.) THE GREAT (c.1326-82). King of Hungary from 1342 to 1382. He was the son of Charles Robert, King of Hungary. He was an indefatigable warrior and generally victorious. His long war against Queen Joanna of Naples (see ) was indecisive, although for a time Louis wore the crown of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. With Venice he waged three wars and succeeded, in 1357, in expelling the Venetians from all the Dalmatian cities. In 1352 he had brought Moldavia under his power. In 1365 he won a great victory over the Turks. In 1370 he succeeded Casimir as King of Poland, to which the latter had already by conquest united Calicia. He was succeeded in Hungary and Poland by his daughter Mary, who became the wife of Sigismund of Brandenburg, subsequently Holy Roman Emperor. Louis was renowned for his chivalry and the splendor of his Court. He increased the royal power, gave charters to the cities, encouraged commerce and education, and reformed the administration of justice, thus on the one hand improving the welfare of his country, on the other, by his costly wars, menacing all prosperity. Consult Horváth, Geschichte Ungarns, vol. i. (2d ed., German trans., Budapest, 1876).  LOUISVILLE, or. The largest city of Kentucky, and the county-seat of Jefferson County, on the Ohio River, 130 miles below Cincinnati, and 110 miles distant by rail (Map:, F 2). The Ohio at this point makes a descent, by a series of rapids, of 26 feet in 2 miles, the rapids, when impassable in low water, being avoided by a canal around the falls, 2½ miles long. Steamers from the city reach 33 navigable rivers, and railroad facilities, too, are excellent, 10 great systems entering here, among which are the Southern, the Illinois Central, the Louisville and Nashville, the Chesapeake and Ohio, the Pennsylvania, and the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern. Three steel railroad bridges, two to Jeffersonville, one of which is a mile long, and one to New Albany, connect Louisville with the State of Indiana.

Louisville, the ‘Falls City,’ 20 square miles in extent, lies 60 feet above low-water mark, and is free from inundations, it is surrounded by a fine agricultural country and is adjacent to a region of immense forests and coal and iron mines. It has a river-front of about eight miles. There are 170 miles of streets, mostly well paved with macadam, brick, asphalt, and granite, and in great part beautifully shaded, broad and regular, varying in width from 60 to 120 feet. The street railway system comprises 175 miles, and extends to all parts of the city. Among the more prominent structures are the city hall, county court-house, custom-house. Institute for the Blind and the American Printing House for the Blind, Industrial School of Reform, Columbia Building, Masonic Widows' and Orphans' Home, and the hospitals and homes, which number 42 in all. There is one public library of over 50,000 volumes, that of the Polytechnic Society of Kentucky, in connection with which are a museum, an art gallery, and a valuable collection of minerals. Louisville is noted as a centre for medical education. It has nine medical colleges and a dental school, two law colleges, three theological seminaries, two schools of pharmacy, a normal school, manual training school, and many other institutions, both private and included in the efficient public school system. The public parks, five in number and embracing 1079 acres, comprise the more notable Iroquois, Shawnee, and Cherokee parks, as well as smaller preserves and squares in the more populous sections. Cave Hill Cemetery, in the eastern part of the city, has a fine site and is beautifully laid out. Among other objects of interest are the grave of Zachary Taylor, a monument to Confederate soldiers, and statues of Henry Clay and Thomas Jefferson.

With its exceptional transportation facilities, Louisville is naturally the centre of a vast distributing and export trade. It is perhaps the largest tobacco market in the world; is also an important market for live stock, and exports extensively its principal manufactured products, which include whisky, jeans, sole-leather, plows, cement, farm wagons, soap, flour, plumber's supplies (iron, gas and water pipe, porcelain bathtubs, brass fittings, etc.), vinegar, malt liquors, and many other articles. Pork-packing is another very considerable industry.

The government is vested in a mayor, elected every four years; a bicameral council; and administrative departments as follows: board of works, board of safety, comptroller, gas inspector, and city buyer. nominated by the executive with the consent of the council; city attorney and assessor, elected by the council; and public school board, chosen by popular election. Louisville spends annually, in maintenance and operation, nearly $3,000,000, the principal items of expenditure being about $535,000 for schools, $280,000 for the police department, $270,000 for the fire department, $165,000 for street sprinkling and cleaning, including amounts for garbage removal; $150,000 for municipal lighting, $140,000