Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/529

* LOUIS II. 471 LOUIS IL ■vere appropriated by the Greek Emperor. He left only one child, a daughter, married to Boso, King of Provence. Consult Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, trans- lated by Hamilton (London, 1894-1900). LOUIS III. (e.880-924). Roman Emperor. He was the son oif Boso, King of Burgundy, and Irnicngarde, daughter of the Emperor Louis 11. In 887 he succeeded his father, under his mother'.? regencj", as a vassal of Charles the Fat. After tiie death of King Lambert (898) he engaged in a contest for the crown of Italy with Bcrengar L, and in 901 received the Imperial crown at Kome; but he quarreled with his Italian under- lords, and in his absence lost Pavia and Verona. Louis returned to Italy, and recovered Verona, but was surprised and captured by Bcrengar, who put out his eyes and sent him back to Bur- gundy ( 905 ) . During the last twenty years of bis life his lands were held by Hugh, his kins- man. LOUIS IV. (c.1287-1347). Holy Roman Em- peror from 1314 to 1347, surnamed the Bavarian. He was a son of Louis the Strict, Duke of L'pper Bavaria, and ilatilda, daughter of the Emperor Rudolph I. of Hapsburg. He succeeded his father in 1294. his mother being Regent, but after a long contest with his brother, Rudolph, allowed the latter a share in the GJovernment. In 1314 he was elected King of the Romans as the suc- cessor of Henry VII. of Luxemburg. Four of tlie electors voted for him. but three declared in favor of his cousin, Frederick the Fair, of Austria, son of the Emperor Albert I. and grand- -iin of Rudolph of Hapsburg, the latter being ]iroclai7ued Emperor as Frederick III. In the war which ensued Louis won the battle ot ]Iiihldorf. September 28, 1322, and took Fred- crick prisoner. Having by his support of the Visconti in Milan aroused the enmity of Pope John XXIL, he was excommunicated in 1324, and was commanded by the Pope to appear be- fore him; but Louis appealed to a general coun- cil, and the summons was declared null and void by the Diet of Ratisbon. In the same year he married Margaret of Holland. In 1325 a treaty was cnneluded by which Frederick was released from imprisonment on condition that he return into captivity if he should find himself un- able to induce his adherents to transfer their allegiance. Failing in his attempt. Frederick gave himself up in conformity with his oath, and was appointed Governor of the Bavarian posses- sions of Louis. In 1327 Louis plunged into con- flict with the Pope, entered Ital}', and was crowned King of Lombardy at Jlilan. In the fol- lowing year he received the Imperial crown at Rome from the hands of Sciarra Colonna. (See CoLONXA.) Through his influence .John XXII. was deposed, and Peter de Corbara was raised to the Papal throne as Nicholas V. On his way back to (iermnny Louis was defeated near Milan (1329). and the Antipope Nicholas V. was soon compelled to abdicate. The German princes, how- ever, aided Louis in his struggles against the Papacy at Avignon, and at a diet at Rhense (q.v.) in 1328 the electors declared that the elec- tion of an Emperor needed no Papal confirmation. In 1345 Louis added to his power by the acquisi- tion of the dominions of Holland. Zealand. Hai- nanlt. and Friesland. which after the death of William IV. of Holland descended to Louis's wife, Margaret of Holland. He died of a stroke of apoplexy. His Court was noted on account of the many famous writers who gathered there to aid in the struggle against John XXII. Mast notable among these was Marsilius of Padua (q.v.). Consult Fischer, Ludicig /!'., der Bayer (Leipzig, 1882). LOUIS III., THE Child (893-911). King of Germany from 900 to 911. He was raised to tlie throne of Germany soon after the death of his father, Arnulf, by the influence of .rchbishop Hatto of ilainz, who governed the countrj- in the name of Louis. Germany was in a wretciied con- dition under his rule, and the Hungarians .seized this opportunity to devastate the German lands as far as Thuringia. The Carolingian dynasty in Germany ended with Louis III. Consult Greg- orovius, History of the City of Rome in the }[id- dle Ages, translated by Hamilton (London, 1894- 1900). See Caeolingiaxs. LOUIS I., OF Axjou (1339-84). A King of Naples, son of .John the Good of France. After the Peace of Bretigny in 1300. he was given as a hostage to Edward III. of England, but returned to France on parole in 13C3, and remained there. He became Governor of Languedoc under Charles v.. and fought bravely against the English. In 1380 he became regent for the incapable Charles VL, and at the instance of the Antipope Clement VII. was adopted by Joanna 1., Queen of Naples, as her successor. The rival Pope, Urban VI. , supported Charles of Durazzo, who succeeded in making good his claim against Louis. See Charles III. op Naples; Joanxa I. LOUIS H., OF AN.IOU (1377-1417). An un- successful claimant to the throne of Naples. Inheriting a claim from his father, Louis L, he set out for his kingdom in 1390. and took possession of it, but at the end of about nine years was driven out by Ladislas son of his father's rival, Charles of Durazzo. About twelve years later Louis determined again to conquer the Kingdom. He won the battle of Roceasecca in 1411, but lost the help of the Pope, and re- tired to France. His daughter, Marie, married Cliarles VII. LOUIS III., OF Ax.ior ( 1403-34). A claimant to the throne of Naples, son of Louis II. He was adopted as her successor by Queen Joanna II. He had a rival in Alfonso V. of .Aragon. whom Joanna had adopted and then thrust aside, and the two waged war with each other. Louis died before the Queen. LOUIS I. ( Ger. LUDWIG) ( 1786-1868). King of Bavaria. The eldest son of King Maximilian I.. ho was born at Strassburg. and educated at Land- shut and Gc'ittingen. He fouglitunwillinglyagainst Prussia in ISot. and against Austria in 1S09. He early showed a taste for art, and traveled twice to Rome while still a prince. In 1825 he succeeded to the throne. His reign was distin- guished by the encouragement of the fine arts and the erection of magnificent public buildings, but it was no less characterized in later years bv contempt of constitutional rights and forms. Moreover, the King's conduct gave great occasion for scan<lal, particularly in his connection with the dancer Lola Jlontez (q.v.). On account of the revolutionary disturbances in February and March, 1848. he" resigned the crown in favor of his eldest son, Maximilian IL LOUIS II. (1845-86). King of Bavaria. He succeeded his father, Maximilian IL, in 1864.