Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/525

* LOTI. 467 LOTTEBY. manners. Loti was elected to the Academy in 1891, and the usual academic edition of his Works was begun in 1893 (9 vols., 1000). For critical essays, consult: Lemaitre, Conteniporains, vol. iii. (Paris, 1888) ; Doumic, Ecrivains d'au- jounVhiii (ib., 1894). LOTICHIUS, 16-tiK'I-i.is, Petbus, SECCxors ( 152S-UU ). A German limnanist. born at Schliich- tern. He was educated in the scliool of the Abbey of Schliichtern, and studied medicine at Marburg and classical literature at Wittenberg under Melandithon. In 1557 he was made professor of medicine at Heidelberg. His Latin poetry was highly praised by his contemporaries ; it was modeled after Ovid and Vergil, and was for the most pait pagan in tone, but treated biblical themes occasionally. The best edition of his Elegiarum Liber et Carmi-num LihclUis (1551) is by the younger Burmann (1754). and was trans- lated into German by Kijstlin (1820). Consult the novel Dcr Professor von Heidelberg, by Otto Miiller (1870). and the biogiaphy by Kbrard, Peter Lotich der jitngere (Giiterslolie, 1883). His nephew, .Jouaxx Peter Lotich (1598-1669), was an historian and a Latin poet. LOTION (Lat. totio, a washing, from lavare, Gk. o(j€iv. ioiieiii, to wash), or Wash. A non- oily solution or mixture of medicinal agents, intended for external application upon limited areas of the body. Lotions usually consist of a soluble astringent salt, dissolved in water, with perhaps some glycerin or alcohol added. Among anodyne lotions are combinations of lead water and o]iium, and the 'black wash' (a mixture of a dram of calomel to a pint of lime-water). The latter is very serviceable for ulcers and luiclean wounds, especially those of venereal origin. Among stimulating lotions is a solution of sal annnoniac in «ater or in vinegar with or without the ailditiou of alcohol; it is serviceable where there is no woimd of the skin, as for rheumatism, neuralgia, etc. Antiseptic lotions contain bi- chloride of mercury, or carbolic acid, or boracic acid, etc. A fomentation is a lotion used hot. A colliirinm is an eye-wash, and generally contains a sohible astringent salt, such as subacetate of lead or sulpliate of zinc, or nitrate of silver. LOTOPH'AGI. See Lotus-E.a.tebs. LOT'TA. The stage name of Charlotte Crah- ti-ee (q.v.). LOTTER, lut'ter. A family of German print- ers, intimately connected with the Reformation. The founder of the family was ^Melchior Lotter, the elder, born at Aue, and well known at Leip- zig as early as 1491. He published missals, breviaries, a Persius (1512). Horatii Epistolw (1522). and Luther Tessaradecos ConsoUttoria pro Luborantibus (1520). His relations with tlio Reformation are not perfectly clear, but he ^I'lms to have been a secret svmpathizer. An in- novation by the elder Lotter was his use of Roman letters for Latin, reserving the Gothic types for German. His son was also named Mei.chtor (?c.1542), which has resulted in some bibliographical confusion. Melchior. the younger, is best known for printing Luther's Bible, Das ■'lie. Testament (1522). and the impressions of 1.V23 and 1524 of the Old Testament, which was transferred afterwards to Lufft (q.v.). He pub- lished many other German writings of Luther. Only a little less important was his bringing a Greek font to Wittenberg, thus giving llelanch- thon the means to carry on classes in Greek. When he returned to Leipzig, about 1525, Lotter carried on his father's business. LOTTERY (Fr. loteric, from lot, lot, from ML. lotttim, lot, from MLG. lot, Goth, hlauts, OHG. hlOz, lOz, Ger. Los, AS. hlot, Kng. lot). In prin- ciple, a game of chance wherein a large number of persons unite to create a fund out of which prizes, greatly exceeding in value any individual contribution, are assigned by lot to a small number of participants. The earliest lottery of which authoritative record exists took place at Bruges in 1446. In 1530 a lottery with money prizes is recorded at Florence; and before the end of the sixteenth century it appears that lot- teries were very common througliout Italy. In 1569 a lottery was held in England. This lot- tery was under the patronage of Queen Elizabeth, and much official pressure was brought to bear to .secure subscriptions. In 1012 a lottery was granted for the benefit of the Colony of Virginia; and in 1027 a license was given to raise by a lot- teiy money to build an ariueduit from Hoddesdon to London. Throughout the seventeenth century lotteries became increasingly frequent both in England and on the Continent of Europe, and in the eighteenth century all Europe succumbed to a veritable lottery mania. The States nearly eveiywhere established a public monopoly of the business, sometimes managing them on public account, sometimes farming them to private indi- viduals. The practice was soon adopted in the American colonies. In 1720 we find notice of a lottery in Philadelphia, the prize being a new brick house, for which 350 tickets at 20 shillings each were to be drawn. Soon after lotteries be- came common in Pennsylvania, and in 1729 the Legislature prohibited them, but the law appears to have remained a dead letter. Many of tlicsc early lotteries were organized for public objects — the paving of streets, the construction of wharves, and the like. Lotteries for the erection of churches and educational buildings became common in most of the colonies after the middle of the century. In 1750 a lottery was organized to raise an edifice for Yale College; Harvard raised funds in a similar way in 1772. and again in 1806. Tliie difficulty in raising funds for pub- lic purposes led to the great extension of lotteries in the colonial period; and even after the Revo- lution they were frequently employed. In the early part of the nineteenth centurj-, the mischievous influence of lotteries came to be generallv recognized. In 1826 they were pro- hibited in England: in 18.32, in France: in 18.30, in Belgium; in 1841. in Sweden. In the .mcrican States, opposition to lotteries rapidly developed, and in 1833 they were prohibited by Xew York and Massachusetts, and by most of the other States in the two following decades. The last stronghold of the lottery was Louisiana. The Louisiana State Lottery, which received a charter for twenty-five years in 1868, had a monopoly of the " business within the State, and was required to pay the sum of $40,000 a year into the State treasury. In 1890 the conipany made great efforts to secure a re- newal of its charter, offering finally an an- nual payment of §1,250.000 for it; but the act recharteVing the conipany was vetoed by the Governor. Bv an act of'Congress of 1890, the