Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/52

LAZES. in several dialects, was studied by Rosen, who piiblislied an essay, Leber die Sprachc dcr Lazcn (licrliii, lS-i;i|.

LAZHETCHNIKOFF, li-zli&eli'n^kfif. Ivan IvA.Novmu ( 171I41SUU). A Russian novelist and dramatist. His lirst success was his sUctcli of military life jniljlished after his retireniont from the army in 181!). His dramas did not meet with the success gained by his historical novels, among which the most important are: I'oslediiii Xoi-ilc (1833); Lediani/i iktm. translated into German with the title Eisixihist (1835); and Basurman (18.38). His complete works were ]nihlislicd at Saint Petersburg in 1858.

LAZULI FINCH (so called from its blue color), or l.AZin BrNTi.Nii. A small finch (Cy- anospixa amanu) of the Western I'nited States, where it replaces the indigo-bird (q.v.) of the East, which it closely resembles in habits and song. It is frequently reared as a cage-bird. The male has the head and tipper parts a deep turquoise blue, with two white bars tii)on the wings; the breast is yellowish tawny, the abdo- men white. The female is grayish brown.

LAZ'ULITE (from lazuli). An aluminum phii^plMlc with iriin and magnesium hydroi<lcs that crystallizes in the monodinic system. It is of an azure-blue color, resembling lapislazuli. with which it has been frequently confnunded. This mineral is fouml both massive and crystal- lized in Styria. Switzerland. Sweden, and Brazil; and in the I iiitcd States in Gaston County, N. Q., and in Lincoln County. Ga.

LAZZARONI, liid'za-rO'n^ (It., beggars). The name liy which.the lowest class of the population is designated in Najdes. They be- came prominent during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic era, when, as supporters of the Bourbons, they attacked with great ruthlessness the wealthy middle class and liberal nobility.

LEA, Hexky f'HAKLES (1825—). An Ameri- can historian. He was born in Philadelphia, September 19, 1825. For many years he was in the publisliing business, but retired in 1880. He was prominent in patriotic service during the Civil War. and has displayed an active and honorable interest in public afTairs. He will be remembered, however, for his studies in me- diieval ecclesiastical history. His published works include: fiuperstilion and Force (1800); An Historical f<l:e1ch of Hacerdoial Celihacri in Ihe ChrifitiaH Church (187); .1 Uiatorij of the Iiifiuisilinn of the Middle Afie.l (1888); .1 His- tory of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the Latin Church (1800); The Moriscos of Hpain (1001 ).

LEA, Isaac (1702-1880). An American con- eholngist. born at Wilmington, Del. lie was a business man. a partner of a large publishing house in Philadel|ihia. who devoted his leisure to the collection and study of objects of natural histori'. He was especially interested in fresh- water and land mollusks, and. during fifty years, continued to make contributions to the trans- actions of the scientific societies of Philadelphia concerning these animals. His most important writings are: Observations on the Genus Vnio (13 vols., 1827-73); f^i/nopsis of the Famih/ of Kaiads (1852-70). O.'w. Tryon, .Tr.. published a full account of Lea's conchologieal work in Philadelphia in 1861. His immense collection of I'nionida- and his collections of gems arc- deposited in the National Museum at Washing- ton. Scudder gave a literary biography of Le;i in the Bulletin of the I'nited States National Museum, So. 23 (Washington).

LEA, Mathew Carey (1823-07). An Ameri- can chemist, born in Phihulelphia. He devoted himself chiedy to the chemistry of photography, to which he made a nundier of important c(iM- tributions. His publications include numerous pai)ers on the chemical action of light and an excellent Manual of Photography (2d ed. 1871).

LEACH, William Elforo (1700-18.36). An Knglish naturalist, born at Plymouth. He studied medicine at Saint Bartholomew's Hos- ])ital, and in the medical department of Edin- liurgli University, from which he graduated in 1812. He became interested in zoJilogy, however, and in 1813 acce])ted a position in the British Sluseum. In 1815 he published the beginning of .a work on British crustaceans which he never finished. He was appointed assistant curator of the natural history department of the musetim in 1821, but was obliged to relinquish active work in the very same year, owing to an affection of the brain induced by overwork. . He spent most of his renuiining j'ears in Ital.y, and died of cholera, near Tortona. Among his most im- ])ortant works are: The Zoiiloiiieal Misccllani/ (3 vols., 1814-17); liystcinalic Catalogue of the Specimens of the Indigenous Mammalia and Birds (1816); and A Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain, published posthumously in 18.52.

LEA'COCK, Hamble James (1795-1856). An African missionary. He was born in Barbados, where his father was a slave-holder. He became- a clergj'man and gave the privileges of the Church to all slaves of his parish, at the same time freeing his own slaves. DilTiculty with the bishop, insurrection of the slaves, depreciation in the A-alue of property occurring, he removed to the I'nited States, where he was settled in Kentucky, Tennessee, and New Jersey. In 1855 he sailed for Africa as a missionary of the West Indian Church Association, and founded a sta- tion at Rio Pongas, Sierra Leone. Consult his biography, by Caswall (London, 1857).

LEAD. A city in Lawrence County, S. D., just south of the county-seat, Deadwood; on railways connecting with the Burlington and Missouri River, and the Chicago and Northwestern lines (Map: South Dakota, B 5). It has a hospital and the Hearst Free Library. The city is in the noted Black Hills mining region, and there are extensive gold-mining and commercial interests. Population, in 1800,2581; in 1000, 6210.

LEAD (AS. lead, Dutch load, MHG. lot, Ger. jMt; connected with Olr. luaide, lead). One of the well-known metallic chemical elements. It is mentioned in the Book of Numbers as part of the spoils taken from the Midianites, and also in the Book of Job. Pliny gave the name of plumbum' nigrum to lead, while tin he called plumbum candidum. Among the alchemists lead was designated by the character which is supposed to represent the scythe of Saturn. It is found native in small quantities, usually with n little silver and antimony. Its compounds found in nature include the sulphide, the car-