Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/516

* LORD'S SUPPER. 458 LORENZ. to be received by us, in the words of the Fathers, 'for us to hiy lip Christ in ourselves, and place the Saviour "iu our breasts.' " The Presence he calls •sacramental, supernatural, mystical, in- elTable, as opposed not to what is real, but to what is natural." The advocates of this view of the Holy Com- munion contend that it not only embodies the teaching of the early and undivided Church, but that it does so in language calculated to preserve the sacrament from the several forms of error with wliieh it has unha])pily been associated. They assert also that it stands the test of the Chalcodonian formula as summed up by the ju- dicious Hooker. As in the Incarnation our Lord was truly (aXrieios) divine and perfectly {reXius) human, and as the two natures were, in His one Person, united inseparably (adiaipirus) but un- confusedlj' (d(riryx'^<>'s), so in the sacrament of His body and blood there is the supernatural presence "under the form of the natural bread and wine, and the two are miited inseparably, but unconfusedly. The natural is not merged and lost in the supernatural. The supernatural is ■ not overlooked or ignored. The two arc neither cut asunder nor fused together. There is neither a sejjaralion nor an amalgamation. The assertion made recently by Bishop Gore that the spiritual presence is for a purpose — 'in order to be eaten,' as he contends the prayers of consecration in the old liturgies indicate — may possibly conduce toward a harmonizing of dis- cordant views. (For the development of the ser- vice used in connection with the sacrament, see Liturgy : for details relating to communion, see SaCB.ME.NT.S ; COMMUXION IX BOTII Kl.M).S; for fuller exposition of the Roman Catholic teaching, see JIass; Thansubstaktiation.) As to the ma- terials used, it may be said that bread and wine made from the juice of the grape have always been required, the latter mixed with water in the ancient historic churches: though the sects of the Encratites and Elkesaites substituted water for the wine, and some extreme advocates of total abstinence in modern times have suggested the use of unfermcnted grape-juice. The Christians of Saint Thomas in India and the Syrian Chris- tians mixed oil and salt with the bread. Un- leavened bread has been used in the Western Church from an early date, probably by analogy with the usage of the Passover; the Eastern Church still employs leavened bread. As to the frequency of the observance of the rite, it may be said that it is celebrated very frequently, if not daily, in the Eoman Catholic and Eastern churches; in the Anglican communion, the result of the f)xford Movement has been to increase the frequency so that it is generally celebrated bi- monthly or weekly, and in many i)laces daily; tile Protestant churches have usually reduced it to once a month, or quarter, or a year. HiHLiOGRAPiiY. Denzinger, Enchiridion Sym- holonim et Definitiimnm (Wiirzburg. 1854) ; Hagenbaeh. TUslorii of Doctrine. Eng. trans. (Edinburgh, ]Sn2) ;' Bright. Asprrlf: of Primitive Church Life (London. 1S9S) ; .Mortimer. Catho- lic Faith and Practice (Philadelphia. 18!1,S) ; id.. The Euchnristic ffacrifice (Xew York, inni); Wiseman. Lectures on the Real Presence (Dublin, 18.52) ; Baring-Gould, Our Inheritance (London. 1889) ; Hoffmann, Die Ahendninlilrirdanhen Jesu Christ) ( Kcinigsberg, 1896) ; Gardner. Orirjin of the Lord's Supper (London, 1893) ; Armstrong, Sacraments of the Xcw Testament (Xew York, 1880); Gore, Uisserlul ions (London. 18',)o): id.. The Body of Christ (Xew York, 1900) ; Wilber- force, The Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist (Lon- don, 1853) : Waterland, licvicic of the Doctrine of the Eucharist (Cambridge, 1737; new ed.. London, 189(i) ; Maclear, Evidential Value of the Holy Eucharist (London, 1883) ; Bicknell, Th, Lord's Supper and the Passover Ilitual, Kuj trans. (Edinburgh, 1892); Jeall'reson. The lUilij Eucharist (London, 1898) ; Jleyrick. The Doe- trine of the Church of England on Holy Com- munion (2d ed., ib., 1888) ; Kidd, The Later Mediwval Doctrine of the Eucharistic Suerifier (ib., 1898); Tilley, The Lord's Supper (Edin- burgh, 1891) ; Jacob. TItc Lord's Sui>]ier fjistori- cally Considered (Oxford. 1884) ; Percival, Dir/enl of Theoloyy (Philadelphia, 1892) ; .Macnau'ghl. Ccmra Domini (London, 1878) ; X'evin. The Mys- tical Presence of Christ (Philadelphia. 18(17): Perownc, Doctrine of the Lord's Supper (London. 1887); Jloule, The Supper of the Lord (ib.. 1899) ; Schultzen, Das Abcndmahl im ncuen Tes- tament (GiJttingen, 1895) ; Bridgett, History of the Holy Eucharist in Enrjland (London. 1881) ; Dalgairns, 2'he Holy Communion, Its llisforu. Philosophy, and Practice (Dublin, 1853) ; War- nack, Urod vnd ll'ns.irr (Leipzig. 1892) : Zahii, Brod und ^yein(h., 1892) ; Schilffer. Das Hcrren- mahl (Giitersloh. 1897); Thalhofer. Das Opjer des alien und neucn ISundes (Regensburg, 1870) : Franzelin, />(' A'HrA«n'.5(i'! (Rome. 18CS) ; Spitln. Zur Geschichtc des Urchrislcntums (Giittingcn. 1893) ; Thayer, "Recent Discussions Respecting the Lord's Supper." in Journal of Biblical Litera- ture, vol. xxiii. (Boston. 1899). LORD TJLLIN'S DAUGHTER. A Highland ballad written by Thomas Campbell (1809). It was a favorite in the early part of the nine- teenth century, and was set to music by George Thomson. LORELEI, lo'rr-li. or LURLEI, Innr'li. . steep rock on the right bank of the Rhine, about 430 feet high, a little above Sankt Goar. formerly dangeroiis to navigation. It is celebrated for its echo, which has given rise to the legend of the siren, a favorite theme with the German poets and exquisitely treated by Heine. The rock is pierced by a railway tunnel. LORENZ, lo'rents, Adolf (1854—). An Aus- trian orthopanlic surgeon. He graduated from the University of Vienna in 1880 and olitained the post of assistant to Professor Albert, who then occupied the chair of surgery at the univer- sity. Lorenz had intended to become a general surgeon. Professor Albert advised him to lake up orthop.Tdic surgery, which was then comp;irative- ly new in Vienna, and which consisted mainly in exercise and bracing. The operation which made him famous — the so-called 'bloodless' reduction of congenital dislocation of the hip-joint — was develo])ed only after years of experiment with other methods! Beginning with the 'open' method of HafTa, he modified it by stretching and part- ing, instead of cuttingthe muscles — the Ha(Ta- Lorenz operation — and finally in 1892 conceived the idea of reducing the hip by manipulation alone. In 1895 he demonstrated the ?nethod be- fore the medical congress at Berlin, and it found general acceptance. In 1902 he visited the United States and England; he demonstrated his methods in both countries. He devised several