Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/51

LAZARILLO DE TORMES. suit Butler Clark's reprint of the first edition of the Spanish text (London. 1897); KoulehC- Delhose's edition (Madrid, 1901); Stahr, "Men- doza's Lazarillo de Tormes," in the Dcutsches Jdhrhiichcr fiir Politik unci Literatur (Berlin, 18(J2).

LAZ'ARISTS, or Congbegation of the JIis- siox. An Order of missionary priests in the Roman Catholic Church, founded by Saint Vin- cent de Paul. Being for a time in the country, he found great need for religious instruction to exist among the peasants, and gathered several priests around him to forward this work. As it grew, Adrien l.e Bon, Prior of Saint Lazaire, ofTered his priory for their use; they took pos- session of the house in 10.32, and got the name of Lazarists from it. The institution was offi- cially approved by the founder's patron, Fran- cois de Gondi, Archbishop of Paris, in 1626, and in 1632 by Pope Urban VIII. As their primary object was to instruct and edify the peasants, it was stipulated in the original deed of endowment that they should ''neither preach nor administer any sacrament in towns which are the seat of bishops, archbishops, or courts of justice, except in cases of extreme necessity." Besides their special work, they sought to reform the clergy by means of conferences and the estab- lishment of seminaries. Saint Vincent prudently gave his rule no final shape until after many years of experience, in 1058. In his own lifetime mis- sionaries had been sent to Italy in 10;iS. Tunis in 1643, Algiers, Ireland, and the Hebrides in 1640. and Madagascar in 1048; and before his death in 1060 the congregation numbered 622 members. The first house in Spain was founded by a colony from Rome in 1704; the Spanish Lazarists kept persistently at their work, in spite of difficulties with liberal and revolutionary gov- ernments, and now pos.sess sixteen houses. The French congregation also .suffered severely from the Revolution, but was restored in 1804. receiv- ing 15.000 francs from the public exchequer and a hospital in Paris. Xapoleon, however, abol- ished them once more in 1809 and confiscated their property, which was restored by Louis XVIII. in 1810; they subsequently possessed fifty-six houses in France. They were invited to Germany in 17S1 by the Elector' Palatine Charles Theodore, who intrusted to them some institutions which had been conducted by the .Jesuits Ijefore their suppression. They began work in Prussia in 1850. and had already eight houses when they were driven out by the Kulltirkampf of 1873. They maintained a mission in ^Madagascar from 1048 to 1825. In China they have had a long and notable career from 1007 to the present day. and several of them have filled the olfice of vicar apostolic. The first Lazarist to work in North America came there in 1815 under the leadership of Dubourg, the future Bishop of Xew Orleans; the Order in the United States is now divided into two provinces, with over a dozen houses. See Vixce.N't de Paul, Saixt: and con- sult the works mentioned there, and Recuril dcs principales cirrulnires den xtipcrieurs (ji^ncraux de la Congregation dc la Mission (3 vols., Paris, 1877) ; Mf moires de la Congregation de la Mis- sion (9 vols., ib., 1863) ; Annales de la Congre- gation de h, Mission (55 vols., ib., 1834-89).

LAZARUS (Gk. Adfopos, La2oro.s, more correctly 'EXedfapos, Elea::aros, from the Heb. 'El (/car, God has helped). (1) The name (probably fictitious) given by -Jesus to the piMjr l)eggar in the parable, Luke'.xvi. 19-3L The unsupported idea that he was a leper has given rise to the term 'lazar-hou.se,' meaning leper hospital. (2) The brother of Martha and Mary (q.v.) and a beloved friend of Jesus. He is named only in .Jolin xi. and xii. The literal truth of the story of the resurrection of Lazarus there given has been serioasly questioned in many quarters. .V number of attempts have been made to explain it so as to preserve its lofty teaching and at the same time eliminate the miracle. Consult the lives of Christ by Strauss, Renan, Weiss, Eders- heim, O. Holtzmann, and Rhees for various views. For the prominent place given to the resurrection of Lazarus in early Christian art, consult Smith and Cheetham. Dietionnri/ of Christian Antiquities, vol.. i., pp. 949-9.50 (Lon- don, 1875-80).

LAZ'ARUS, (1840-87). An American Jewish poetess and philanthropist, born in New York City, July 22, 1849, and privately educated. She was attracted in youth to poetry, and published a volume of poems and translations at the age of eighteen. Admetus and Other Poems followed in 1871, and showed ripening talent; but her first mature work is Alide, a prose romance, based on an episode in Goethe's life (1874). The Spagnoletto, a tragedy (1870), was much praised. Poems and Ballads of Heine followed in 1881, and her original poems. Songs of a Semite, in 1882. When the Jews, expelled in great numbers from Russia, began to appear in destitute multitudes in New York in the winter of 1882. Miss Lazarus interested herself actively in providing technical education to make them self-supporting. She wrote also In Exile (1882), The Crowing of the Red Cock, and The Banner of the Jew (1882). A collection of Poems in Prose (1887) was her last book. Several of her translations from mediaeval Hebrew writers have found a place in the ritual of American synagogues. Her Complete Poems with a Memoir appeared in 1888, at Boston.

LAZARUS, la'tsa-roos, Mobitz (1824-1903). A German philosopher and psychologist. He was born at Filehne in Posen. and studied in Ber- lin. In 1859 he became prominently connected with philosophical thought by founding with Steinthal the Zeitsehrift fiir VUlherpsiiehologie tind i^prachirissensehaft. and became a leader in the modern Herbartian School. In 1860 he was chosen professor at Bern; in 1808 he became teacher of philosophy at the Berlin Military .cademy, and in 1873 was made professor at the University of Berlin. His more important works are: Das Lehen der Seele in M onographien (3d ed. 1883 sqq.) ; Zur Lehre von den Sinnestiiii- sehungcn ( 1807) ; Veher den rrspriing der Silten (2d ed. 18(i7) ; Ueber die Ideen in der (lesehiehto (2d ed. 1872); Ideale Fragen (3d ed. 1885): Erziehung und Geschichte (1881); Was heissi nationale (1880); Vnser Standpiinlt (1881): Ueber die Reize des Spiels (1883) ; and Ethik des Judentums (•2d ed. 190J).

LAZES, lii'zgz. A branch of the Mingrelian section of the Georgian stock, dwelling in the Caucasus in the Batum-Trebizond region, chiefly in Turkish territory. By some they are considered to be the descendants of the ancient Colchians. The Lazian language, which is spoken