Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/502

* LONS-LE-SATJNIER. 444 LOO-CHOO. ated amid viiieclad hills, 5G miles by rail south- west of liesaiu.on (Map: France, M 5). It has monuments to (jeueral Lecourbe, a native of the town, and Kouget dc I'lsle, the author of the ilarseiUaisc, born near l.ons-le-Saunier. The town hall has collections of antiquities, sculptures, and paintings, and a library. The theatre and the lycOe are the chief educational institutions. The saline springs of the town, forimrly used for the production of salt, have been ccinvcrtml into a batliing establishment. In the vicinity are situ- ated the extensive salt-works of Montmorot. Lons-le-Saunier ])roduces salt, footwear leather, and wine, and trades in agricultural and dairy products. The town is of Gallic origin and was known in ancient times as Lcilo f<(iUiinrius. Population, in 1891, 12,010; in I'JOl, 12,9.35. l6nYAY, Idn'yO-i, iMenghert, Count (1822- 84). An Hungarian statesman, born of a noble Protestant family and educated at Pesth. He was elected to the Diet when he was only twenty- one and became a member of the party of the op- position, although he did not favor Kossuth's policy of a protective tariff. I'nder-Secrctary of Finance in the Ministry of 1848, he fled to Paris in the following year,' after the suppression of the insurrection. But he returned in 1850 under the provisions of a special amnesty and became especially interested in the reconstruction of Hungarian finance, the amelioration of economic conditions, and the settlement of the relations of Church and State. He was especially prominent in procuring the patent granting autonomy to the Protestant Church in Hungary (1859). He became Hungarian Minister of Finance in 18G7, Imperial Minister of Finance in 1870, and Hun- garian Premier in 1871. In December, 1872. the Left forced him to resign. Lonyaj' was President of the Hungarian Academy from 1875 to his death. He wrote various works on economics and finance. LOO, 16, Chables Andr£ van (1705-65). A French painter and sculptor, usuall.y called Carle Vanloo. He was born at Nice, the son of Louis van Loo (C.1G4I-I713), and brother of Jean Baptiste van Loo (q.v. ), whose pupil he was and with whom he went to Rome, where he studied under Benedetto Luti and the sculptor Le Gros. After the death of Le Gros in 1719 he returned to Paris, assisted his brother in the restoration of the frescoes at Fontainebleau, ob- tained the Prix de Rome in 1724, and returned to Rome in 1727. There he became a member of the Accademia di San Luca. and in 1731 was knight- ed b.v the Pope. After his return to Paris in 1734 he was received into the Academv in 1735, was made professor in 1737, subsequentl.v rector, and in 1763 director of the Academy and first painter to the King. In the Louvre are his ".Eneas Carrying Anchises from Troy" (1729); "Mar- riage of the Virgin" (1730); "Apollo and Warsyas" (1735) : "Iphigenia;" and a portrait of "Queen Maria Leczinska" (1747). LOO, .Jean Bapti.ste van (1684-1745). A French painter, born at Aix (Provence). He was a son and pupil of Louis van Loo. After having worked for a time at Toulon and other cities in Southern France, also in Turin and Genoa, he went in 1717 to Rome, studied there under Bene- detto Luti, and in 1719 accompanied his patron, the Prince de Carignan, to Paris. In 1720 he restored the frescoes of 11 Rosso and Primaticcio at Fontainebleau, and subsequently executed conunissions for several churches and the Hotel de V'ille. He became a member of the Academy in 1731, and adjunct professor in 1733. From 1738 to 1742 he was in England, where he was favored with the patronage of Robert Walpole, who introduced him to tlie Prince and Princess of Wales. Among the iirst portraits he painted were those of CoUey Cibber and Uwen MacSwin- ny, and soon his striking likenesses were in de- mand above those of all other painters in Lon- don. Impaired health caused him to seek relief in his native town, where he died. His best historical paintings include: "Diana and Kndy- mion" (1731), and "Institution of the Order of the Holy Ghost in 1578," both in the Louvre; "Christ Entering Jerusalem," Saint Martin des Champs, Paris; "Triumph of (ialatea" (1722), in tile Hermitage, Saint Petersburg; and "Massa- cre of Zedekiuh's Children," in the Darmstadt Museum, which also contains fine portraits of Louis XV. and his Queen. LOO-CHOO, LU-CH0, LIU-KITJ, LIU- CHIU, or RIU-KIU. A chain of 55 islands (36 of them inhabited) which originally formed the Kingdom of Loo-choo, but which are now a part of the Empire of Japan. They lie in the Pacific Ocean between the parallels of 24° and 30° N., and the meridians of 122° and 130° E., and ex- tend in a southwest direction from Colnet Sound, which forms the south boundary of the island of Kiushiu toward the northeast coast of Formosa, from which the,v are distant about 80 miles. The total area is 934 square miles. The chief islands are Anami-Oshinia, Tokunu- shima, Okinawa-shima, Ishigaki-shima. and Irio- mote-shima. The most important of these is Oki- nawa, ou which Shuri. the capital, is sitiuited. Okinawa-shima and the southern groups are of coral formation; but farther north the islands are of volcanic origin and rise steeply from the ocean. In some places the hills rise to heights of 14IH) to 1500 feet, but in Okinawa the country is com paratively low and undulating, with roundid hills 400' to 500 feet in height. The prevailing rocks are gneiss, hornblende, and granite, over- lain with much weathered sedimentary strata. Coralline limestone is abundant. The climate is healthful and pleasant; the mean temperature is about 70° F.. the mean humidity 78. and the rainfall for the .vear 84.69 inches. The islands sulTcr much from typhoons. The soil is fertile and well cultivated. The most valuable crop is sugar. The largest is sweet potatoes, on which the great bulk of the popu- lation subsists; six kinds of rice, three of barley and wheat, and six sorts of beans are produced, as well as immense quantities of vegetables of all sorts, including gourds and melons. Two crops of rice a .vear can be grown. Cotton, Satsuraa tobacco, and a little tea are also raised, but the main suppl.v of tea comes from Japan. The sago- palm is extensively cultivated, and oranges of a peculiar aromatic flavor are grown. Plantain- trees furnish the fibre which the women weave into the principal fabric made on the island. Fish of many kinds, including sharks, abound on the coast. Pigs are extensively reared ; and there is a fine breed of ponies, 10 to lO^o hands high. There are no beasts of pre.v. but venomous snakes called habu abound, and infest even the houses. They are from 6 to 7 feet long, 2% to