Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/50

* LAYARD. 38 LAZARILLO DE TORMES. mf7i(« of Ximith (series i., 100 plates, 1840; series ii., 71 plates, 1853) ; Inscriptions m the Citncifoini Cliiiidctcr from the Assyrian Monu- ments ('.18 plates. 1S5I ) ; lUirlij Adrenturcs in Persia, tiiisiana, and ISal/ylonia (2 vols., 1887; 2d ed., abridfe'ed. 1 vul.,' 1894) ; and several •works on art. 8ee Assyria: Nineveh. Consult H;he Autohioqraphy. ed. by Bruce (2 vols., New Vork, 1902)'. LAYBACH, lI1>aG. A city of Austria. See L.MllAl II. LAY'COCK, TiiOM.s (1812-70). An English pli>iiiaii. He was born in Wetherby, York- shire; was educated at luiversity CoUefje, I-nn- don; studied for the nudical profession in Paris and in Oiittingeu. He becaiue known as a spo- eialist in liraiii and nervous disorders by a nundier of learni'd treatises and contributions to the Icadiiitr medical societies and journals, and in 185.") succeeded Ur. .lison as professor of Hie practice of physic and clinical medicine in Edin- burgh I'niversity. In 18G1 he was elected a Fellow of the Hoyal Society of Edinburgh. an<l in 18G9 was appointed ])liysieian in ordinary to the Queen in Scotland. (If his numerous writ- ings, the more important are: .1 Trralisc on the ycrrotis Piscosrs of ^yomen, Comiirisinfi an Inquiry into the ature. Causes, and Treatment of Spinal and Hystcrieal Disorders (1840); Principles and Methods of Medical Ohserration and Heseareh (185C); The fioeial and Political Relations of Drunkenness (185C); Mind and lirain, or the Correlations of Consciousness and Organization with Their Applications to Phi- losophy. Physinloyy, Mental I'atholofiy, and the Practice of Medicine (2 vols., 1859). In the last, his most iin]iortant work, the fundamental prin- ciples of the unconscious action of the brain and the theory of evolutionary development of nerve-centres were first jironnilgated. He also translated and edited I'nger's Principles of Physiolopy (1851) and Prochaska's Disserta- tion on the Functions of the Xerious iSystem (1851). LAY DAYS. In maritime law, the nnniher of days granted in the ch:irtcr-i)arty to the char- terer or frcightiM' of a vessel to load or unloail in. Within the lay days no charge is made, but after their expiration a sum. stated in the charter-part.v. is charged and called demurrage. Lay days begin upon the arrival of the vessel at the usual ])lace for discharging cargo. Sundays are counted in reckoning lay days, unless there be provisions to the contrary in the charter-party. See DEMtHR.GE: ilARTXIME L.wv. LAYERING, Arciatiox. An artificial meth- oil of plant re]U'oduction closely resembling (he stolon in nature. A layer is an unscvered branch or stem surrounded by a medium such as soil or moss in which it may strike root. Generally .a wound is made to hasten the process of rooting. hut with most ]ilants this is not essential. Some plants require <m!y a few days, others even two years. Layering is a favorite method of multiplying woody plants, such as quince and goosel)erry. which do not give satisfactory results with cutting's. LAYNEZ, ll'nath.or LAINEZ, DiEGO (1512- fio). Second general of the Order of Jesuits. He Avas born at Almazan. Castile, in 15ft: educated at the I'niversity of AlcalA. visited Paris in 1533, and became an ardent follower of Loyola. He accomiianied I lie latter to Komc, whore Pope Paul 111. ajipointcd him a professor in the College of the Sajnenza (1537). Ijoyola died in- 155(>, and Laynez was elected general of the Order of the Jesuits in 1558. Offered a cardinal's hat, he refused it, preferring to devote his life to the service of the new Order. He represented it in the Council of Trent, and there and else- where sustained by discussion and controversy liis tenacious ideas in favor of the absolute in- fallibility of the Poi)e. He laid the foundation at Venice of a college of Jesuits, and placed sjiecial stress on the importance of education which should inlluence the minds of the young for the good of the Church. He died in Rome, January 19, 1505. He published little, and his manuscripts are almost illegible. His speeches at the Council of Trent and selections from other writings have been edited by Grisat (2 vols., Innsbruck, 1886). Consult his Life by Boero (Paris. 1895). LAY OF THE LAST MINSTREL, The. A narrative poem by Sir Walter Scott (1805). This long metrical romance is a talc of the wild life of the Scottish Border in the sixteenth cen- tuiy. LAY READER. In the Anglican Commun- ion, a layman who is licensed by the bishop to read morning and evening prayer (with the ex- cei)tion of the ab.solution), ofliiciate at funerals, and read the sermons of approved divines. The first reformed ordinal pre]iared under Edward VI. contains an oflTice for the admission of read- ers, and in the following year (1500) five of thcni were 'ordained' in London. It seems to have been the intention of the reformers to pre- serve the ancient minor order of readers (q.v. ). hut the olfice became extinct in the eighteenth century. The last diocese in which lay readers were licensed w-as that of Sodor and Man, under Bishop Wilson (died 1775). The office was re- vived by Convocation in 1860, and now nearly 2000 are comnussioned in England and about the same number in the Episcopal Church in Anierica, where ,a canon passed in 1871 regulates the exercise of their office. Consult Restarick, Lay Readers (Xew York. 1894). LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME, The. Classi- cal ballads, by Thomas Babington Macaulay (1842). They are four in number, of which "lloratius" is best known. LAZARILLO DE TORMES, la'tha-rP'l.vA na tor'mfis. The first Spanish novel of the class called picaroon or picaresque. It was long thought to be the work of Hurtado de Jlcndoza (q.v.), but recent investigation has made it practicall.v certain that it cannot be attributed to him. The story seems to have had its origin at Burgos. There appeared, in 1553, what is generally thought to be the first edition of the Lazarillo, and the publication of this was quick- ly followed by the appearance of a long series of similar romances of roguery. The LazariUo is the unblushingly told autobiography of a rogue who began his adventures as the guide (lazarillo) of a blind man, and then passed some time in the service, respectively, of a priest, an indigent noble, a begging friar, a seller of indulgences, and so on. ending as a town crier at Toledo. The language of the story is pure Castilian. It was translated into English by David Rowland in 1586 and by James Blakeston in 1670. Con-