Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/498

* LONG ISLAND SOUND. 440 LONG-NECKED TURTLE. York Bay. It opnis into tlio Atlantic by a pas- sage called the Race tliroufjli a chain of islands running obliquely across from Long Island toward Khode Island. The Connecticut, Ilousatonic, Thames, and Mystic rivers flow into Long Island Sound from the north. The Connecticut shore is rocky, skirted by reefs; that' of Long Island is more easy of approach, and there are many mod- erately good and one or two excellent harbors. The narrow and rock-boimd passage in the East Biver known as 'Hell Gate' made this route un- available for large vessels until the work of re- moving the rocks was completed by the LTnited .States Government in ISSH. (See Helx Gate.) The Sound is navigated by numerous coasting steamers and sailing vessels. The entrance to the East River is guarded by Fort Schuyler, on Throgg's Xeck. LONGITUDE. See Latitude and Longitude. LONGJAW. (DA name about the Gulf of Mexico for a needlefish of the genus Tylosaurus. (See Aguja; Xeedlefisii.) (2) In "the Great Lakes, a whitefish (Argyrosomus prognathus), much resembling the cisco, but larger; it is also called 'bloater.' LONGLEY, long'li, Charles Thomas (1794- 1808). Archbishop of Canterbury. He was born in Rochester. England; was educated at West- minster School and Christ Church College. Ox- ford. He became perpetual curate of Cowley in 1823 ; rector of West Tytherly, 1827 ; head-mas- ter of Harrow School. 1829; Bishop of Ripon, 18.30; of Durham. 1850: Arclibishop of York, Pri-y-Councilor, 1800; and Archbishop of Can- terbury, 1862. In 1807 he presided at the ses- sions of the Lambeth Conference (q.v. ). He opposed the Ritualistic movement, and in 1838 suppressed teachings and practices regarded as Roman Catholic in Saint Saviour's Church, Leeds. As a member of the House of Lords, he generally acted with the Liberal Party; but he opposed the Oxford University Reform Bill of 1854, the Divorce Bill of 18571 and mo- tions for the revision of the Prayer-Book. the modification of the Act of Uniformity, and the alteration of the Burial Service. His' published ■works include various addresses and sermons, of which the most important perhaps is the one de- livered at the opening of the Conference in 18C7; and an English version of Koch's Tableau des revolutions dc I'Europe ( 1831 ). Xotices of Arch- bishop Longley are to be found in Proby, Atuials of the Low Church J'arti/: Fr. Arnold. Our Jlishops and Dcaii.i (1875) ; Welch, Westminsler l^cholfirs; and the Register of Magazine of Biog- riiyihii (January, 1809). LONGLEY, .LMES WiLnERFORCE (1849—). A Canadian journalist and politician, born at Paradise, Annapolis County, N. S., of Loyalist descent. After graduating at Acadia College, Wolfville. he studied law in Halifax and at Os- goodc Hall, Toronto: entered at the bar in 1875, and became Queen's Counsel in 1890. He began his newspaper work on the staflf of the Acadian Recorder (1873), but left it for the Halifax Morning Chronicle, of which he was managing editor from 1887 to 1891. He was elected to the local House as member for his native county in 1882. was chosen a commissioner to revise the provincial laws, entered the Executive Council in 1884, and two years later was made Attorney- General. He was instrumental in passing the bill abolishing imprisonment for debt (1800). LONG'MANS. An English family of book publishers, founded by Thomas Longman (1099- 1755). He was a))prenticcd when seventeen years of age to a London bookseller named .John Osborn, wdiose daughter he afterwards married. In 1724 he bought out the business of John Taylor (vho ■ published the first edition of Rohinson Crusoe), and set up for himself on the site which is to- day occupied by tlie works of his successors. His fatherin-law soon joined him, and together they conducted the business until the former's death, when Thomas again became sole director. He was very .successful, and was interested in a number of books which were not only good busi- ness investments at the time, but 'which have achieved an enduring reimtation, among them David Hume's Treatise of Human Nature, and Dr. .Johnson's Dictionary. He was succeeded by his nephew, Thomas Longman (1730-97), whom he had taken into partnership, and who not onlv extended the business in England, but carried on a considerable trade with America. The second head of the firm was succeeded on his death by his son, Thomas Norton Longman, who in 1794 received Owen Rees into partnership. During this period the Longmans acquired many valuable copyrights, including Lindley Murray's Enqlish Grammar: the Lyrical Ballads of" Coleridge and Wordsworth; Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel: and Moore's Lalla RooUh. They also published a number of very profitabl'e encyclopa;dias, and in 1826 became sole pro- prietors of the Edinburgh Revicn-. Several new partners were admitted during these years, and the title of the firm changed to Long- man, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green. Thomas Norton was succeeded by his sons, Thomas ( 1804- 79), who became head of the firm on his father's death in 1842, and William (1813-77), who was an author as well as a publisher. His writings dealt chiefly with travel and history, a'nd in- eluded a Journal of .s'i'.r ^VceIcs' Adientures in fSu-itzerland, Piedmont, and on the Italian Lakes (1856); A History of ^England to the Close of the Reign of Edirard IJ. (1809) ; and A History of the Life and Times of Edu-ard III. (1809). During this administration the firm published a sumptuous edition of the Xew Testament, illus- trated with wood engravings after paintings bv famous artists. It also acquired the copyrights to a number of famous books, including the works of .John Stuart Jlill and Disraeli's novels, and it published Lord Macaulay's works, giving liim as part payment for the third and fourth volumes of his History of England a check for £20.000. Thomas Longman was succeeded by his sons, T. N. Longman, who became head of the firm, and G. H. Longman. William Longman was suc- ceeded by his son, .James Charles Longman, who graduated at University College, Oxford, and in 1882 became editor of Longman's Magazine. LONG-NECKED TURTLE. A turtle of the genus Chelodina, of which several species inhabit Australia and New Guinea. Tlie neck is as long as the shell, which in the typical species {Chelo- dina longicollis) measures about 10 inches, and is of snake-like appearance and flexibility. A South American genus (Hydromedusa) has an even longer neck in proportion to the shell. The name is sometimes applied to the entire family ICheh/didw) to which these turtles and the quaint matamata belong.