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* LONE WOLF. 433 LONGACRE. From that time the campaign was pressed vigor- ousl.v under General Mackenzie until the spring of 1875, when, one after another, the hostile chiefs, including Lone Wolf, came in and sur- rendered. Seventy warriors, including Lone Wolf and twenty-five other Kiowa, were selected for deportation to Florida, where they were held as prisoners at Fort Marion until Maj', 1878, ■when the survivors were returned to their tribes. He died the next year, having previously con- ferred his name and succession upon the present chief of that name. (2) The adopted son and successor of the great Lone Wolf. He had been the close companion of the chief's son, killed in Mexico, in consequence of which Lone Wolf adopted him to fill the va- cant place, and afterwards appointed him his successor by giving him his own name. In 1892 he signed the treaty for the sale of the Kiowa Reservation, in spite of the remonstrance of the majority of his tribe, but afterwards repudiated the document on the ground of deception. LONG, Cr.wford W. (181.5-78). An Ameri- can surgeon, probably the first to use ether ana>sthesia in surgery. He was born in Daniels- ville, Ga., was graduated from Franklin College, Pennsjlvania, in 18.35, and from the medical de- partment of the L'niversity of Pennsylvania in 1839. Having learned from a pupil, Wiltshire, of the insensibility produced in apothecaries' clerks by inhaling ether vapor for amusement, Long experimented upon himself, and in March, 1842, administered ether to .James Venable, and during the patient's unconsciousness excised a tumor from his neck. In the same year and in 1845 Long operated upon three other patients, under ether, but did not report his cases or pub- lish his observations. The knowledge of his operations did not spread beyond his own local- ity'. In 1840. while Long hesitated, ilorton, at .Jackson's suggestion, made his first public demon- strations and published his repeated successes to the world. In 1902 the Georgia Medical Asso- ciation began to collect funds with which to erect a statue of Long in the Capitol at Washing- ton, as 'the discoverer of amesthesia.' See An- aesthetic ; MoRTox, W. T. G. ; and Well.s, Hor- ace. Consult Paget, "Antesthetics : the History of a Discovery," in Xineteenth Century (Decem- ber. 1870). LONG, George (1800-79). A distinguished English classical scholar. He was born at Poul- ton. in Lancashire. England, and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he obtained the Craven scholarship in 1821. Long became chancellor's medalist in 1822. and subsequent- ly fellow of his college. In 1824 he accepted the professorship of ancient languages in the Uni- "versity of Virginia, but returned to England in 1820, to become professor of the Greek lan- guage and literature in the London University. This office he resigned in 1831, when he com- menced to edit the Journal of Educnlion, pub- lished by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; but probably the greatest labor of his life was his editing for eleven years (from 1832 to 1843) the Pennt/ Ci/cloixrdin, to which he was also one of the most valuable contributors. In the midst of these arduous diitios. Long joined the Inner Temple, and was called to the bar in 1837. In 1846 he was chosen by the benchers of the Middle Temple to deliver a three years' course of lectures on jurisprudence and civil law. In 1849 he became professor of classical literature in the Proprietary College at Brighton, which appointment he held till 1871. Long was one of the best classical editors that England has produced; he was also one of the first authorities on Roman law. His merits as a translator are no less great, as evinced in his Helection» from Plutarch's Lives, Thouqhts of Marcus Aurrlius and his Discourses of Epictetus. Long also con- tributed to Smith's Classical Dictionaries: edited Cicero's Orations and Ca'sar's (Jallic War: and published an Analysis of Herodotus, France and its Revolutions, etc. In 1873 he received a life pension of £100. He died August 10, 1879. LONG, .Joiix Davi.s (1838—). An American political leader and lawyer, born at Buckfield, Oxford County, Maine. He graduated at Har- vard in 1857, studied at the Harvard Law School, and in 1861 was admitted to the bar. From 1875 to 1878 he was a member of the Massachusetts Legislature, and was Speaker in 1876-78. In 1879 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, and from 1880 to 1882 was Governor. He served as a member of Congress from 1883 to 1889, and in 1897 was appointed Secretary of the Xavy by President McKinley. During the trying period of the Spanish-American War his administration of this department was exceedingly able. He pub- lished an excellent blank-verse translation of the ^neid (1879). LONG, Stephen- Harrim.4X (1784-1864). An American engineer and explorer, born at Hopkin- ton, X. H. After graduation at Dartmouth in 1809 he became a teacher. In 1814 he was ap- pointed second lieutenant, U. S. A., in the Corps of Engineers, from 1814 to 1816 was assistant pro- fessor of mathematics at the United States ilili- tary Academy, and in 1816 was brevetted major. In the latter year he made under great difficulties a survey of the Mississippi and its branches, and soon after led an expedition from the Mis- sissippi to the Rocky Mountains, one of the noblest peaks of which bears his name. He was concerned in the construction of many of the I)rincipal railways of the South and West, was the first to suggest the application of the rectangular trussed frame to bridges, and was extensively employed in the improvement of rivers and harbors. In 1861 he was appointed chief of topographical engineers with rank of colonel, and in 1863 retired from the army. His Rail- road Manual (1829) was the first original work of the sort published in the United States. Con- sult Keating, Sarrative of an Expedition to the Source of Saint Peter's River, Lake Winnepeck, Lake of the Woods, etc.. Performed in the Year 1S23 (London, 1825). LONG^ACRE, James B.vrtox (1794-1869). An American engraver, born in Delaware County, Pa. He served an apprenticeship in Philadelphia and was afterwards for many years engaged in illustrating important American works. He pre- pared (for a time with .James Herring) the .V«- tional Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Ameri- cans (3 vols., 1834-39), many of the engravings in which were made from his own sketches. In 1844 he was appointed engraver of the United States Mint, a post he retained until his death. All new I'nited States coins struck during that time were from his designs.