Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/490

* LONDON TJNIVEBSITY. 433 LONE WOLF. in the faculties of arts, law, and medicine, and the incorporators endeavored to obtain from the Crown a charter giving them the power to confer degrees. In 1833 the Privy Council proposed a scheme of a university which, adopted by Lord Melbourne's Government, became the basis of the present institution. It comprised the granting of a charter to "London University College' or other colleges of the same kind, the granting of an- other charter to a board, of examiners, com- posed of persons eminent in literature and science, to be called the 'Lniversit}- of London,' and the admission of properly certified pupils of Univer- sity College and King's College, or of any other school named by the Crown, to examination for the degrees. This sclicnie was adopted by the in- corporators, and charters were granted by Wil- liam IV., Xovember 28. 1830. constituting the University of London and L'niversity College, tlie former an examining, the latter an instructing body. King's College (q.v. ), incorporated in 1829 by charter, and several colleges in London and elsewhere were named as places where students were entitled to present themselves for degrees. The charter of the imiversity was renewed at the accession of Victoria, and .a supplementary char- ter affiliating additional colleges was issued in 1850. In 1858 a new charter gave graduates rights as part of the corporate bodj- of the imiversity in an assembly called convocation. By this charter, too, the university degrees were given solely hy examination, it having been found that many alhliated colleges abused the certifica- tion privileges granted them. Since that time the university has confined itself strictly to the business of examination, with the single exception of requiring attendance for medical degrees. In 18fi3 the university was empowered to grant the degrees of B.Ch. and Jl.Ch. in surgery. By the supplementary charter of 1867 examina- tions for women were instituted, and by virtue of the Reform Act of that year the university has since returned one member to Parliament. In 1878 the university admitted women to de- grees. By virtue of the University of London Act of 1898. a royal commission was appointed to reorganize the university completely, while still preserving its corporate continuity. In the years 1900-01 this work was completed and the new corporation, coordinating and controlling the higher education of London into a utiircrsitas litlerariim, began its labors. This new university comprises, in addition to its examining functions, a considerable number of schools previously more or less independent as teaching bodies. Of these. University College and King's College possess general faculties, six are theological schools, four are faculties of arts and sciences, ten are medi- cal collc,''es, and others include technological and agriculti.yal institutions and the newly estab- lished Lo.idon School of Economics and Political Science. The senate is the supreme governing body of the university. It consists of fifty-four members. The officials of the university are a chancellor, a vice-chancellor, a chairman of convocation, a principal, and a representative in Parliament. The senate has three standing committees of prime importance — the academic council, the council for external students, and a board to promote university extension. The convocation of the university consists of the chancellor, the rice-cliancellor, the members of the three com- mittees of the senate who are not graduates, and the graduates of the university. There are the following faculties: divinity, arts, laws, medi- cine, music, science (which includes the faculties of economics and engineering), each choosing its own dean. There are, furtlier. thirty-two boards of studies, named by the senate, and a large body of exahiiners chosen by that same body. The imiversity will not, as was first planned, become a teaching body save in so far as the various teaching bodies incorporated with it are under its supervision, and, to some extent, its control, and in so far as its attention to secondary edu- cation and its work in university extension may be so regarded. It retains its private function of an examining board granting degrees. Degrees are granted purely by examination (save in tlie case of medicine) as follows: In arts and medi- cine, bachelors' and masters' degrees are given ; in science, law, and music, bachelors' and doc- tors' degrees; and in literature, the doctors' de- gree. Examinations are given in London, in the provinces, and even in the colonies. All gradu- ates are entitled to a teachers' diploma. Consult London University Cahndar for history and or- ganization. For Englisli legal education, see Ix.NS OF Court ; Legal Ediiwtion. See also UsivER-siTY. section Enylish Universities. LONDON 'WALL. The Roman wall built in the fourth century by Constantine, inclosing the Roman colony of London. Its western end was at the site of the present Tower, whence it fol- lowed the line of the Minories, Houndsditch, and the street now called London Wall, to Aldersgate Street, and southward by Xewgate to Ludgate to the Thames, which it reached in the neighborhood of Blackfriars Bridge. In recent times the wall has almost entirely disappeared, but portions may be seen in London Wall and in the Church- yard of Saint Giles, Cripplegate. The gates in the Roman wall afterwards received names which are perpetuated in the names of streets which passed through them, as Xewgate, Bishopsgate, Moorgate, etc. LONE 'WOLF. (1) A noted Kiowa chief, 1866-1879. and leader of the hostile element in the last outbreak in 1874. His name in his native language, Gui-j>iiqo, was hereditary in his family. He succeeded to the head chieftainship in 180G. but was not among the signers of the iledicine Lodge Treaty the following year, by which the Kiowa agreed to come upon a reserva- tion, and it was not until Custer, who had se- cured possession of him and Satanta after the battle of the Washita, threatened to hang them both that they consented to bring in their people in the spring of 1869. The scleral tribes party to the treaty continued restless, however. Lone Wolf himself being one of the most defiant, until a delegation, headed by him, was made up and proceeded to Washington in 1872 to adjust their differences. Some good result might have been effected, but. unfortunately, shortly after the re- turn of the delegation Lone Wolf's favorite son and nephew were killed while raiding into Mexico. On this he swore vengeance, and. going down into Mexico with a small party, brought back the bones of his son for burial, returning just in time to head the war element of the Kiowa in the outbreak of the Southern tribes in the summer of 1874. His first encounter with the troops oc- curred at the agency at Anadarko, August 22d.