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* LONDON. 431 LONDON UNIVERSITY. by the London Protocol of May 8, 1852, respect- ing the succession in the Danish dominions. lu May, 1807, a conference was lield in London which resulted in the neutralization of the Duchy of Luxemburg, LONDON BRIDGE, The most important bridge of London, connecting the City with the Borough. It stands al)out half a mile above the Tower, and until the opening of Tower Bridge in 1894 was the nearest of the London bridges to the sea. The first st<me bridge at this point was completed in 12011, and was built up with rows of houses, forming a .street which later became the centre for booksellers and other tradesmen. On it stood a chapel of Saint Thomas of Canter- bury, and a tower on which the heads of traitors were exposed to view. The present bridge, about 100 feet farther up the river, was designed by John Rennie and built by his sons in 1825-31. It is borne on five granite arches, and is 928 feet in length, 54 in width, and 56 feet above the river. The daily traffic is estimated at upward of 100,000 foot passengers and 20,000 vehicles. LONDON CLAY. A term applied to a series of strata of Lower Eocene age, occupying the lower basin of the Thames in England. Its total thickness is al)Out 700 feet. The strata are rep- resented in the Hampshire Basin bv the Bognor Beds. LONDON COMPANY. A branch of a joint- stock company, foumlcd in London in 1600 for the purpose of planting two colonies in America, The two branches of the organization were called from their headquarters the London or Virginia, and the Plymouth or North Virginia companies. To the London company was assigned the terri- tory between 34° and "38° X. latitx'ide. to the Plymouth Company that between 41° and 45°, while the region between 41° and 38° was to be imder the control of the company which should foimd the first colony. The first expedition, under Xewport, sailed on December 19, 1606, with three ships and 105 emigrants, of whom only 12 were laborers, and on May 23, 1007, founded the set- tlement of -Tamestown. LONDONDERRY, lun'don-der'rl. A mari- time county of the Province of Ulster. Ireland, bounded north by the Atlantic, east by County Antrim and in part by Lough Xeagh, south by Tyrone, and west by Donegal, Area, 816 square miles (Map: Ireland, E 2). The surface of Lon- donderry is irregular. The lowlands are fertile and produce good crops. Poultry farming is a profitable industry. The river Bann is celebrated for its salmon fisheries, besides being a great source of motive power for the staple manufac- ture of LTster, that of linen. The capital is Lon- donderry. Population, in 1841, 222,400: in 1901, 144.3.30.' LONDONDERRY, or Derrt. A city, sea- port, and a corporate and Parliamentary borough, capital of Londonderry County, Ireland, on the Foyle, 3 miles from its entrance into Lough Foyle, and 144 miles north-northwest of Dublin (Map: Ireland, D 1), It is beautifully situated on the left bank of the Foyle. upon a hill which overlooks the river. The walls arc still pre- served, and form an agreeable promenade : they surround a part of the town one mile in circum- ference, but the buildings have extended beyond. A square from which the four main .streets diverge is called the Diamond. The left bank of the river is connected by an iron bridge, 1200 feet in length, with an extensive suburb called Waterside. The Anglican cathedral dates from 1033, and there is a handsome modern Catholic cathedral. The court-hou.se is a building of some pretensions, and the famous siege of 1089 is commemorated by a triumphal arch and by a column in honor of the Kev. George Walker, who was Governor of the city during the memor- able defense. Among the educational institu- tions are Gwyn's School and Magee College. The chief industries are distilling, brewing, tan- ning, the manufacture of shirts and table-linen, and extensive salmon-fishing. The arrangements and appliances of the port are on a good scale. Steamers ply to Liverpool, Glasgow, and Belfast, and there is a large import trade in maize, wheat, petroleum, timber, flaxseed, etc. The United .States is represented by an agent. The town originated in a monastery founded in the sixth century by Saint Cohimba. 11 wa.s pillaged more than once by the Danes, and was occupied, but with many vicissitudes, by the English at the invasion. The town formed part of the escheated territory granted to the London companies, and under their management it rose to some im- portance, and w-as strongly fortified. In the Irish War of the Revolution. Londonderry threw itself earnestly into the cause of William of Orange, and closed its gates against .Lames II, The siege of Londonderry in 1689 is one of the most celebrated events in Irish history. Since that date the city has steadily grown in extent anil pro.speritv. Population, in 1851, 19,888: in 1891, 33,200: in 1901, 39.873. Consult Hempton, Siege and History of Londonderry (Londondcrrv, 1861). LONDONDERRY, second Marquis of. A famous English statesman, better known as Vis- count Castlereagh. See Stew.^rt, Rorert, second ilarquis of Londonderry. LONDONDERRY, CnARixs William Stew- art Va.xe. third Marquis of (1778-1854). An English soldier and statesman. He was distin- guished both as a soldier and diplomatist in the English service in the period of the French revo- lutionary wars and of Xapoleon, and was a mem- ber of the Congress of Vienna. His surname of Vane was added on his marriage with a great heiress of that name, and in 1843 he became a colonel in the Life Gtiards. He wrote A arra- tire of the Peninsular IFor (1828) and a Yor- rntiie of the War in Germany and fiance in Jf^l-1-l'i (1S30). and edited the correspondence of his brother, Viscount Castlereagh. LONDON PHILHARMONIC SOCIETY. See PiiiLii.iRMOXic Societies. LONDON ROCKET. A cruciferous weed. See HErwE-MrsTARD. LONDON STONE. An ancient relic im- bedded in the Avails of Saint Swithin's Church in London, and believed to be a fragment of the central milestone from which distances were measured. The stone is said to have come from Troy and to have been the palladinni of the set- tlement. References to it as a very ancient land- mark arc foimd in early records. LONDON UNIVERSITY. London Univer- sity was founded in 1827 as a joint-stock com- pany by subscription, largely owing to Lord Broiigh.am. It was opened in 1828, with classes