Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/488

* LONDON". 430 LONDON. and mortar, with widtr streets and more open spaces. It was due to the lire that so little of London previous to the seventeenth century has been pieserved. JNlost consjiicuous features in the rebuilding of London were the Cathedral of Saint Paul's, and many lesser churches which covered the name of Wren with renown. At the beginning of the eighteenth century Paris equaled Loudon in population, and no doubt surpassed it at some earlier periods. The eighteenth century wa.s most important in the development of Loudon. The footing which Eng- land gained in India gave London a fresh source of wealth through its rich commerce with the Orient; it was then that the city forged perma- nently ahead of Paris in number of inhabitants. The population, scarcely over 500,000 souls at the beginning of that century, increased to nearly 1,000,000 in one hundred years. Building opera- tions, with the increase of wealth, extended greatly in the West End; but what is now the north of London was almost wholly neglected, and, in fact, building was not extended in this quarter to a large extent till water was con- veyed thither in pipes, because the underlying rocks do not retain the rainfall. Many of the streets were still in a wretched condition, and it was left for the nineteenth century to begin to widen and improve them. That century wit- nessed the taking in of a large number of sub- urbs on all sides, the first lighting of the streets with gas on the King's birthday (.June 4, 1807), the rebuilding in stone of all the London bridges, and the infusion of a higlicr degree of taste in building operations generally, so that the streets are now diversified by some pleasing architecture, though the buildings on the whole are monoto- nously ugly. For the first time tradesmen began to nu-ike their liomes in the suburbs or away from their places of business, so that one of the most impressive features of London life to-day is the rush of vast multitudes every week-day morning to business and the mighty ebb of these streams of humanity from the scenes of trade and finance at the close of the day. Steam-power applied to machinery made London an industrial centre which, though surpassed by many other cities in single branches of manufactures, forms on the whole the la in the world BiBLiotiR.iPilY. A library of books has been written about London, and the works mentioned here were published in the metropolis. .'"loiiie of the earlier books are extremely valuaVde for his- toric reasons. Such are Fitzstcphen's work, writ- ten in the reign of Henry II.. but first printed in Stow's .S'»rrei/ (1508); .rnold's Chronicle of the Ciistom.i of London (1502): Stow's Siirveil (1508). continued by various writers, and finally by .J. Strype, the last edition of whose work (1755) is the standard history of London up to that date. E. Hatton's Xew Vieic of London (1708) contains an alphabetical list of the streets. The fourth edition of Pennant's London. a very ]iopular book, was printed in 181-t. Allen's m.itort/ and Antiquities of J.ondon. TTcKtminxter. ond f?outhn-(irl.- (1827-20) is a very valuable work, containing much informa- tion not found elsewhere. London, edited by Charles Knight (1841-44). and later revised by W^alford. is not exhaustive, though parts of it are especially well treated. The Bool- of Brit- ish Topography, by J. P. Anderson (1880), con- tains a bibliography of London, not exhaustive, but fuller than any other. Among the more prominent recent books is Lottie's London City, Us Uistory, Htreets, Traffic, Bnildinys,and People (1891); Peter Cunningham's invaluable Hand- book of London (1850) was brought up to date in Wheatley's London, I'ast and I'rcsent (3 vols,, 1801) ; Hare's Walks in London (2 vols,, 1878) is replete with anecdote, historical association, and charming description; Herbert Fry's London in lH'jyi and Besant's London (1002) are two of the latest considerable works. Baedeker's vol- tiine devoted to London contains very excel- lent and helpful maps, an enormous amount of accurate information, and is kept up to date by frequent revisions. The condition and economic aspects ol the laboring classes is exhaustively treated in Booth's Life and Labor of the I'eoplc in London (4 vols.. 1802). Various annual Gov- ernment reports give valual>le and detailed infor- mation as to the sociological, educational, govern- mental, and other conditions of the city. LONDON. A city and port of entry, the cap- ital of ^liddlesex County, Ontario. Canada, 121 miles west of Toronto; on the (irand Trunk, the Canadian Pacific, and the Lake Erie and Detroit railroads (Jlap: Ontario, B 5). The city has gas and electric lights, Anglican and Roman Catholic cathedrals, a mechanics' institute, libraries, hospitals, orphan asylum, convent, and exposition building. The Western I'niversity. Huron College, Hellniuth College, Hellmuth' Ladies' College, and a mercantile col- lege are the chief educational institutions. The fitness of its situation for a town was recognized by General Simcoe as early as 1784. The site began to be cleared and the place laid out in 1820. The centre of a rich agricultural district, London carries on a large trade in the jiroduce of the country, and there are foundries and machine- shops, mills, chemical works, boot and shoe factories, tanneries, and outside the city large petroleum refineries. In the vicinity are white sulphur springs much resorted to by invalids. London is the" .scat of a United States consul. The population, in 1851, was 6034; in 1891, 31,977; in 1001, 37,983. LONDON. A village and the county-seat of ISIadison County, Ohio, 25 miles west by south of Columbus; on the Cleveland. Cincinnati. Chicago and Saint Louis Railroad (Jlap: Ohio, D 6). It is the commercial centre for a productive agricul- tural and live-stock district, and has some manu- factures. The electric-light plant is owned and operated bv the municipality. Population, in 1800. .3313! in 1900, 3511. LONDON, CoxFEREXCE OF. The name of sev- eral diplomatic meetings held in London. The first to be so designated resulted in .July. 1827, in a treaty signed by England, Russia, and France to bring " about the liberation of Greece from Turkey. The next, held by the Great Powers in 1830-31, recognized the independence of Bel- gium, and arranged the terms of its separation from Holland. A third conference was held in 1840. on the Turko-Eg>-ptian qtiestion, in which France refused to take part. (See Mehemet Ai.1,) On August 2, 18.50, a protocol was sijnied in London by the representatives of all the Great Powers, declaring the indivisiliility of the Danish' monarchy, inclusive of Schleswig and Holstein. (See SciiLE.swiG-HoLSTEiN.) This was followed