Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/466

* LOGKONO. 414 LOHEE. fertile vine-growing region of Rioja, it lias an important wine trade. It is the Konian Lucro- nius and Juliobriya. In 1521 it was unsueecss- fuUy besieged by the Frencli, but was held by them from 1808 to 1813. Population, in 1901, 18,8(>(>. LOGROSCINO, lO'grA-she'nft, Xicola (1700- 63). An Italian dramatic composer. He was born in Naples, and is known to fame for his development of the operabuffa style, and his method of concluding the close of each act in ensemble, which latter innovation has been the custom ever since. His operas include: Inijunno per inganno (1738) ; La viohintc (1741) ; /( gov- ernaturc (1747); Tanto bene, lanto male; II i:ecchio marito; La furba burin t a (1760); and a grand opera, Giunio Bruto (1750). He died in Naples. LOGWOOD (so called because imported iu logs). The dark red solid heart-wood of ILrma- toxjlon campechianum. The tree belongs to the natural order Leguminosa", and grows in Jlexico and Central America, and in some of the West India islands. It is the only known species of its genus. It grows to a heiglit of 20 to 50 feet ; the leaves are paripinnate: the racemes many- flowered, and longer than the leases. The sap- wood is yellowish, and. being worthless, is hewn off with the bark. The heart-wood is heavier than water, close-grained, but rather coarse. It has a slight smell resembling that of violets, a sweetish taste, is astringent, and contains a dis- tinguishing crystalline principle, called hcema- toxylin (q.v. ). Logvood is imported in billets or logs, usually of verv irregular shape ; the color is a dark blood-red. becoming almost black after long exposure. The infusion of the wood is also blood-red, which color it yields readily to boiling water; it is changed to light red by acids, and to dark purple by alkalies. ^Yhile all otlier dye- woods have been nearly superseded by the arti- ficial colors made from coal-tar, logwood is still used in large quantities, mainly for the produc- tion of blacks, Init also as a substitute for indigo in the production of blue. It is further used in the manufacture of ink. and it is employed to some extent in medicine for controlling all forms of diarrhtea. In dyeing it is used either in the form of chips or in the form of extracts. Since hsematoxylin, the ingredient of logvood, to which Its value as a dyewood is due, is not in itself a coloring matter, but is capable of yielding one under appropriate treatment, the wood' must be subjected to a process of 'curing.' This may be effected by simply moistening the chips and ex- posing them to the action of the air: usually, however, glue and various chemicals arc added for the purpose of hastening the operation, though it is by no means certain that those sub- stances have a beneficial effect. Of the varieties of logwood that occur in commerce, Campeachy log^vood is considered the best and commands a considerably higher price than the other varie- ties. See Dteing. IiOHE, le'c. .TOIIANN- KOXRAI) WlLIIELM (ISOS- 72). A fJerman Lutheran clergyman and theolo- gian, best known for his activity along the lines of practical Christianity, born at Fiirth, Ba- varia. He was a pupil of Krafft at ^^langen, studied also at Berlin: in 1831 became Vicar of Kirchenlamitz, and won considerable local repu- tation as a forceful preacher. Under suspicion of mysticism he was removed by the Church au- thorities from his post; but not long after he was appointed assistant pastor of the Cluircli of Saint Egidia at Nuremberg, where his pulpit eloquence became more widely recognized. In 1837 he received appointment to the pastorate of Neuendettelsau. His philanthropies were notable. Deeply interested in the welfare of German- Americans, he assisted in founding the Missouri synod of the Lutheran Church, and later organ- ized that of Iowa. At Neuendettelsau he estab- lished a school for the instruction of mission- aries to Germans resident abroad. He also founded the Lutheran Society of Home Missions, and numerous charitable institutions. Best among his collections of sermons are Sicbcii Prcdiytcn (1836) and Sieben Vorlriigc iibcr die W'orte Jesu am Kreuze (1859). Consult Deinzer, Wilhclm Liihcs Leben (Nuremberg, 1888). LOHENGRIIT, Ir/on-gren. The hero of a mediaeval German legend. He is the son of Perceval and one of the Knights of the Holy Grail. lie is sent by King Arthur to the aid of Elsa, Princess of Brabant, traveling on a boat drawn by a swan. At ilainz he fights with her foe, Telramund.and after his victorymarries Elsa, forbidding her to inquire his origin. On his re- turn to Cologne from an expedition against the Saracens, Elsa disobeys his connnand, the swan returns, and Lohengrin departs. His history is given in a Middle High German poem of the end of the thirteenth century, ascribed to two au- thors and exhibiting in its two portions great differences of style and language. The poem elaborates the mention of Lohengrin in Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzifal, in which the hero is called Loherangrin. i.e. Gerin De Loherain ( Gerin of Lorraine), and in the fifteenth century was extended and remodeled under the name Lorengel. The opera Lohengrin, by Richard Wagner, is based on the legend. It was first produced at Weimar, August 28, 1850, under the leadership of Liszt, and marks the beginning of Wagner's triumph in Germany. The text was written in 1845 and the score was finished in 1849. Beck created the role of Lohengrin and Frl. Agthe that of Elsa. LOHENSTErN", loVn-stin, Daniel Kaspar vox (1G35-83). A German poet, born at Nimptseh, in Silesia, and educated at Brcslnu and in the universities of Leipzig and Tiibin gen. On his return to Breslau, after extended travels, he soon became Imperial Councilor and Syndic of the city. He was a member of the second Silesian school, and wrote lyrics under the title Bhnncn, six tragedies, and a long novel, Grossmii tiger Feldherr Arminiiis. His works are marked by a sensiuil tone and by rude and bombastic style. Selections may be found in the thirty-sixth volume of Kiirschner, Deutsche ?!ationnllilterattir. edited by Bobertag. Consult: Passow, Lohensfcin, seine Trauerspiele und seine f^praehc (Jleiningen. 1852) : Kerckhoff, Lohensteins Trauerspielel (Paderborn, 1877); and Muller, Beitrdge zum Leben nnd Dichten Daniel Kaspar von Lohensteins (Breslau, 1882). LOHEB, le'er, Fraxz vox (1818-92). A Ger- man historian. He was born at Paderborn. and after studying at several German universities, traveled in Europe and in 1846-47 visited Canada and the LTnited States. In 1848 he established the Westfalische Zeitung at Paderborn. For par-