Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/465

* LOGrOGBAPHEKS. 413 LOGRONO. (1856). The term is, however, often applied to those orators who eomposed and sold judicial speeches or pleadings. LOGOMA'NIA (Xeo-Lat., from Gk. iyos, loyos, word + ixavla, mania, madness). A word used vaguely to descrilie confusion of terms, speech disturbances, and even aphasia occurring in delirious or insane people. Its proper defini- tion is a mania characterized hy loquacity; but the word is now obsolete. LOGONE, lu-gon'. A tributary State of Bornu, Central Africa, southeast of Lake Chad, between Bornu and liagliirmi {Map: Africa, F3). The counti-j- consists chietly of a well-wooded plain. The natives, who are allied to the Makaris and ilusgu, are estimated at about 2.50,000. LOGICS ( Gk. S70!, logos, word ) . A term used in the fourth Gospel to designate the divine per- son wlio became incarnate in Jesus Christ. The idea appears first in the New Testament in the writings of Paul, particularly in the Epistles to the Ephesians, Philippians, and Colossians. The preexistent Christ is there described as the agent of creation and its goal ; as being in the form of God, of which He emjitied himself for the work of redemption; and as restored to the glory of the divine throne after the resurrection. .John's doctrine is peculiar only in the form of its ex- pression, which he seems to have borrowed from the current phraseology of the times, and thus, at one remove, from Philo. Scarcely more, however, is common to the Evangelist and the philosopher than the term. Philo's fundamental thought is that of dualism. God and the world, spirit and matter, are separated by a deep cleft. The opera- tion of GoA upon matter is effected through inter- mediate beings, which are sometimes called logoi, of which the Logos is the chief, and which are scarcely personal. The Logos is the active rea- son of God, and consequently His power. He is on the one hand the thought of God, and on the other the expression of that thought. He is God himself in His relation to the world, also the archetype of the world, and the unity of the powers operating in it. Hence He can be placed at the side of God and over against the world : and He can also, as comprising the spiritual con- tents of the world, be set over against God. Hence He is designated, by the use of terms which reappear in the New Testament, as the eldest and first-born of these forces, the eldest angel or archangel, the highest creature, the image, repre- sentative, and impression (Heb. i. 3) of God, the high priest, the one 'through whom' (John i. 3 ) the world was created, or more properly molded. John's doctrine is totally different. There is no dualism, but God is the one infinite and eternal spirit, the creator of the worlil in the sense of being its ultimate and personal cau.se. The Logos is also eternal, in some sense distin- guished from God and in some sense identical with Him. possessed, therefore, of a quasi-per- sonality, in which He becomes the agent of the creation, and of His own volition shines in the darkness, comes into the world, becomes flesh, and declares the Father. He speaks His message nut of divine and eternal knowledge, lays down His life of His own will, returns to the glory which He had with the Father before the world was, and will come again to judge the world. He is ethically one with the Father, but He is more than this, for whoever sees Him sees the Father. And personal faith in Him, which involves the taking of His will as the law of life, is the C0!i- dition of acceptance with God and of eternal sal- vation. Once again, in the narrative of the un- belief of Thomas, John emplovs of Him the word •God.' The word Logos may have been chosen by John, as it probably was by Philo, because of suggestions in the Old Testament; 'God .said' ( Gen. i. 1 ), the reference to wisdom in Prov. viii. 22, and the later use of memra (word) iu the Talmud and Midra.sh. But the origin of the doctrine was in the revelation by .Jesu^ Christ of His own nature and His relation to the Father. Probably on account of its connections with the philosophic terminology of the day. the word Logos was taken up by .Justin Martyr, the first apologist, and by him introduced into the course of doctrinal development. While predominantly considered from the first as the eternal ground of the being of Christ, who appeared in this world for our salvation, philosophical interests often laid especial emphasis upon the Logos as the explanation of the world, and thus the Logos- Christology tended to degenerate into a cosmol- ogy. This interest was uppermost in Arianism, and was met by Athanasius, who lai<l fresh em- phasis upon the idea of redemption through the Logos become flesh. The deeper theological ques- tion as to the relation of the Logos, as the divine in Christ, to the Father was the main topic of all that .series of discussions which culminated at Xietea (325) and led necessarily to the formula- tion of the doctrine of the Trinity (q.v.). Con- sult: Liicke, C'ommentar uher die Schriflen des Evaniiclisten Johannes (3d ed., Bonn, 1840-56) ; Corner, Development of the Doetrine of the Per- son of Christ (Edinburgh. 1862-05): Harnack, Historn of Dogma (London, 1895-1900) ; West- cott. Revelation of the Father (London, 1884). LOG-PERCH. The largest of the darters (q.v.). reaching a length of 6-8 inches, and readily known by its zebra-like colors. It is to be found throughout the whole interior of the Lnited States, usually in cold, rapid streams, where it is a favorite of boyish anglers, and is always admirable for its swift, graceful move- ments. Local names in the Southwest are 'rock- fish,' 'hogfish,' and 'hogmolly.' Consult Jordan and Copeland, "Johnnv Darters," in American Xaliiralist, vol. x. (Salem, 1876). See Plate of Perches. LOG-ROLLING. An American political term used to denote the mutual aid of legislators in carrying out each other's individual schemes. The term applies usually to local legislation, tlunigh it may be used with equal force in na- tional politics — as, when there is an understand- ing between parties that certain bills shall not be opposed simpl.v on party grounds. The term is said to be an allusion to the practice of lumber- men in assisting one another to roll logs from the place at which they are cut to the stream by which they are to be transported. LOGRONO, Ii*)-gr6'ny6. A city and the capital of the Province of Logroiio, on the Ebro. 30 miles soutlicast of Vittoria (ilap: Spain, D 11. It is surrounded by medi-Tval ramparts: has pleasant promenades and squares; the Church of Santa Afaria Palacio, founded according to tradition by Constantine the Great ; and a buU-ring accom- modating 11,000 persons. As the centre of the