Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/44

* LAWRENCE. 32 LAWBENCE. utcd laraelv to the Iniililiiig of the Bunker Hill .lomime'nl,"aiul gave laij^e sums to Williams Col- leije ami to the ataJeiuy at tirotou, which in 1*^13 was renamed Lawrence Academy in his honor. LAWRENCE, George Alfheo (1827-70). An Kiij;li-li uovi'li^l, born in l!ra.t('U. Ksscx. He was (■(lu<aU<l at O.xford, and studied for the bar, but afterwards jjave all his time to literature. His most famous book. Giii/ lArinnnlon. ur Tlior- . (,»(//(. was published in 1857. His other works inc-ludc: Suoril iind (loini (18.59); liarrcn Honour (18t)2) ; Maurice Bering, or the Quadri- hilcnd (18i;4); lircalinr/ a liutterfh/: liUmvhe llllirsVic's r.ndinij (180',)); Silverland (1873); and lliii/nrrne (1874). LAWRENCE, George Newbold (1800—). . Ami-rii-iin ornitholofjist. born in New York City. He was in the drug business until 1802, when he left it to devote himself to ornithology, upon whieli he had already spent mueh study. His colleetion of 8000 specimens, boufj;lit by the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, includea not only a very full list of birer of many seientitic societies, and contributed much to ornithological literature, and was a collaborator with Spencer K. Baird and .John Cassin in The Birds of North America (1800). LAWRENCE, Sir George St. Patrick (J,S(I4-S4). .An English soldier, born in Trin- comalee, Ceylon. He was the brother of the first Lord Lawrence and of Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence. He entered the army in 1H22. and was adjutant of his regiment, the Second Ben- gal Light Cavalry, from 182") until 1834, and fought in the .-Vfghan War. Afterwards he was ]iolitical assistant and secretary to MacNaghten, tin' envoy to Afghanistan, and was in Kabul during the insurrection wlien MacNaghten was killed (1841). In 1848 he was appointed political agent at Peshawur, and was prisoner for a .vear during the second Sikh War. Later he was active as political agent in Jlewar. Raj- putana, until 18.57. When the great Mutiny broke o>;t. he was for a time in command of all the forces in Rajputana. He retired with the rank of lieutenant-general in 18(i7'. His Forty- three Years in India was edited by Edwards, and a]')pearcd iti 1S74, LAWRENCE, Sir Henrv Montgo.mert (1806- .57). An English brigadier-general and colonial administrator. He was the elder brother of Lord Lawrence (q.v. ). and was likewise famous as an administrator. He was Cliief Commissioner (^f LucUnow. and virtually (iovcrnor of Oudh when the Indian ^lutiny liroke out. W'liile in eommanil of the handful of heroic men who de- fended the women and children in the Residency of Lueknow. Sir Henry was wounded by the ex- plosion of a shell, and died .Tuly 4, 18.57." He was the founder of the Lawrence Asylum at Octa- minid. for the reception of the cliildren of the luiropean soldiers in India. Saint Paul's Cathe- dral contains a monument to his memory. For his life, consult: Edwardes and Merivale (Lon- don, 1873 I and McLeod Innes (London, 1898). LAWBENCE, Jame.s (1781-1813). An American naval officer. He was born in Burling- ton, N. J., entered the United States Navy as a midshipman in 17'.i.!, became a licuU'nant in ISllii. and in LSl)4-0.5 di'-lingiished himself in the war with Tripoli, commaiuling a gunboat and serviir_: as second in command in Decatur's expedition to burn the captured I'hiladelphia under the guns of the shore batteries. In 1808 he .served as first lieutenant on the Conslitutiun, and then com- manded successively the Anjus, the Vixen, and the llu.sp luilil 1811, wlieii lie was promoted to be captain, and was placed in command of the Hornet. In 1812 he cruised with Captain Bain- bridge's squadion ahmg the South American coast, and on February 24, 1813, captured the slightly inferior British brig-of-war Peacock. after a spirited engagement of fifteen miiiuti'^. near the mouth of the ilemerara River — the //.w •net losing only one man killed and two wounded. For this success, he received a gold mcclal from Con'Tcss, and was ])laccd in command of the CheZipcaUe, then lying in Boston Harbor. l>ii .hiiie 1, 1813, several days after taking command, he attacked the British frigate Shannon, about thirty miles otl' Boston. After a bloody engagr ment of fifteen minutes, in which he was mortally wounded, the Vhesapeuke was captured, and Law- rence was taken with his ship to Halifax, where on the 5th he died. While lieing carried Ixdow during the engagement, he uttered the w'ord-i "Don't give up the ship." which soon became u motto in the navy, and which have remained con- nected with his name. LAWRENCE, .Ion N (1750-1810). An Ameri- can lawyer and legislator, born in Cornwall, Eii;j- land. At the age of seventeen he emigrated In America, and settled in New York City, where lie studied law, and where in 1772 he was admitted to the bar. His success in his profession was im- mediate. He threw himself into the Revolution- ary mov<>ment with ardor, and received a I'oiiiiii le- sion in the first regiment of New York militia, organized by his father-in-law, Alexander JIc- Dougall. In October, 1777, he became an aide on the stafT of Washington, and in 1780 as judge- advocate-general presided at the trial of Jlajor Andre (q.v.). After the war he resumed the jnactice of law in New York, and in 1785 was elected to Congress, in which he strongly advo- cated the proposed Constitution. This led to his being superseded in 17S8 by an Anti-Federalist. In 178!) he was elected to the New Y'ork State Senate, and in the same year was elected a nieiii- ber of the first Congress under the new Consti- tution. He was also a member of the Second Congiess (1791-93), and in 1794 was appointed by President Washington United States JihIl^c for the District of New Y'ork. In 1790 he re- signed from the bench to take his seat in the United States Senate, to which he had been elected to succeed Rufiis King. He remained in the Senate until 1800, and was president pro tempore of that body in 1798-99. He was a stanch supporter of Hamilton, and was )>nrticu- larly opposed to any compromise between the Federalists, of which "party he remained up to his death one of the principal leaders, and the 'Burr- ites.' LAWRENCE, .Tojm Laird-Matr, first Lord Lawrence (1811-79). An English officer and Governor-General of India. The sixth son of Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Lawrence, he was born at Richmond, Yorkshire. In 1827 he won a presentation scholarship to Haileybury College, w^herc he obtained the prize for Bengali, and