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* LOBBY. 368 LOBELIA. in anj' other than the recognized and legitimate mode "must he held void. Consult: Urvce, The American Commonnnillh appendi.K (2 vols., New York, 18!I5) ; Cooley, Cotisliltilional Limitatiuiis, p. lUO; Tanner, The l.ohhy uiid I'lihlic Men (Albany, 1888) ; Report of the United Utatcs Itaiheay Com/mission, p. 84; First Report of the Interstate Commerce Com- mission; p. 7. LOBE. In decorative design, any leaf-like subdivision of a motive. The commonest applica- tions of the term are (a) to the main divisions of an acanthus-leaf or other compound conven- tional leaf, and (h) to the several projections of a scallop form, as in trefoils, quatrcfoils, etc., in tracery, i.e. to the curve included between any two cusps. See Cusp; Foil. LOBE, loljc, JoiiAXN Christian (1797-18811 A German nmsician, composer, and writer on musical topics, born at Weimar. He studied the flute and violin, as a pupil of Aujjust Rie- mann and later of A. E. Miiller, appeared in 1811 as a solo flutist at the Leijizig Gewand- liaus, and became flutist and subsecjuently viola- Iilayer in the Weimar grand-ducal orchestra. In 1841-45 he conducted at Weimar an insti- tute for thecn-etical instruction in music, and in 184G established an institute of music at Leipzig, where he also edited the Allnemeine Musikalischc Zcitung until it ceased publication in 1848. From ISo.S to 1857 he publislied and edited the Flie- pcnde liUitter fiir Miisik, and later was musical editor of the lllustrirte Zciliiiiri of Leipzig. Tie also became well known as a writer of sarcastic and witty feuilletons. His compositions, includ- ing si. operas, two symphonies, quartets for pianoforte and strings, and a number of flute solos, are technically skillful and finished, but rather commonplace in their material. In his didactic works, particularlv the Katcchis)nus der .]rnsik (1851; 25th ed. 180.3), he ju-escnts the science of nuisie to amateurs in a clear and intelligent fashion. LOBE, le1)f, William (1815-91). A German agricultural writer, born at Treben, Saxe- AUcnburg. For many years he was a farmer, but in 1840 he removed to Leipzig and began to write on agricultural siiljjccls. Among his nu- nu'rous works are: Enei/klo/iiidic der f/esnmtrn Liindirirlnchaft (G vols., 1850-52: supplement IS(JO) ; Ilandliurh der rationclirn l,iindirirtsehaft (7th ed. 1887); and Die Milchicirtschaft (2d ed. 1889). LOBECK, lo'bek. Christian ArorsT (1781- 1800). A German pliilidogist and antiquary. He was born at Naumburg-an-der-Saalc. and, after studying at .Jena and Lei]izig, was professor e.xtraordinarius at Wittenberg from 1810 to 1814, when he became libr:irian and jirofessor ordinari- us of ancient literature and eloquence at Konigs- berg. He retained the latter ])Ost mitil his death. He is remembered chiefly for his contributions to the study of Greek grammar and inytliology. Among his works were the I'liriitiiuimrnn dram- matiew flrrvcw (2 vols., 1837) ; Pdlholofiice 8er- mnnis flrwei Prolegomena ( 184.3) ; and the Aglao- phntnus, sen de Theolopifv Mystiew flrwcorum Cau.ii.i (2 vols., 1829), which is particularly valued for its accurate and exhaustive treatise on the Orphic sect and literature. He also edited some Greek texts, including the Ajax (Afos) of Sophocles, with a commentary (1810, 3d ed. 1800). His selected academic speeches were pub- lished by Ix'lmcrdt (1805). Consult: Fried- liinder, Millcilnnyvn uus Lobceks Brief wechsel (Leipzig, 1801); and Attsgeioiihtte liriefe von und an Lobeck und Lehrs (Leipzig, 1894). LOBEIBA, lfl-ba'*-ri, Vasco de (?—?). A Portuguese knight who won his spurs in the reign of .lolin 1., or in that of Ferdinand II. Fernam Lopes, the chronicler who recorded tliis. contradicts himself. Lol)eira's greatest title tn fame is [irobably undeserved, for more recent in- vestigation tends to deny him the authorship of the romance of Amadis of Gaul, which may riither have been written by his great-grandfather, .Joao Pires Lobeira. Consult: V'asconcellos, "Portu- giesisclie Litteratur," in Giiilier's (Irundriss der romanisehen Phitologie (Strassburg, 1894) ; Bravmfels, Krili^:l■lll■r 'crsuch ilber den Amadis von Gallien (Leipzig, 1870). LOBEL, 16-bol', De Lobel, or Lobelius, IkLvT- TiiiAs (1538-lOlG). A Flemish botanist. He was born at Lille, an hysi- cian. lie traveled through Europe, and after- wards was appointed botanist to James I. of England. The genus of plants called Lobelia was named after him. He was author of Stirpiuni Adversaria Xora (1570); Plantaruni sen Stir- piiim Uistoria (1570); and Jcones Stirpiiim (1581). LOBE'LIA (Neo-Lat.. named in honor of jMatthias Lobel). -V genus of aliout 200 species of plants of the natural order Lobeliaceie, which by some botanists is united with Cam|)anulacea?, but by other au- thors is considered to be distinct. The species are natives of tropical and temperate cli- nnites, abounding chiefly in damp woods in America and tlic north of India. They are generally herba- ceous or half- shrubby, and have a milky, often very acrid, juice. Lo- belia Ttipa is a Chilean and Peru- vian plant, of which the very smell excites vom- iting. The cardi- lia cardmalis and Lobelia fulgens) and the blue cardinal (Lobelia syphilitica), natives of the warmer pints of North America, are favorite garden |)lants. Lobelia Eriniis with its many forms is a common border plant, and the forms grouped under Lobelia hy- brida are extensively grown in France and else- where, but are little known in America. Indian t.obae^'o {Ijobelia inflata), of North America, an annual, with an erect stem, a foot high or more, with blue flowers, has been used as a medicine from time immemorial by the aborigines of North America, and was introduced into Europe in 1829- by Dr. Reece. The chemical constituents of Lobelia are an alkaloid, lobelin, a peculiar acid.
 * .' ^^^.' ,: ', LODELIA INFLATA, INDIAN TOBACCO.