Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/414

* LOAD-LINE MARKS OF VESSELS. 366 LOBACHEVSKY. Tire yachts) shall be permanently and coiisijicu- ously imirked with lines of not less than IJ inches in lentil and 1 inch in breadth, painted longitu- dinally on each side amidships, or as near there- to as practicable, and indicating the position of each deck which is above water. "The upper edge of each of these lines shall be level with the upper side of the deck plank iie.xt the waterway at the place of marking. "Xlie lines shall be while or yellow on a dark ground, or black on a light ground." Tiie line abreast the uppermost deck which ex- tends tlic full length of the ship is the 'statutory dcck-liiic' liidcr 'the British IMerehant Shipping Act of lSt)4, the Committee of Lloyd's Rcyistcr is em- powered to assign freeboards to British vessels as required by the act. The form of marking adoi)ted by Lloyd's is shown in the sketches, the letters L and R on each side of the disk indicat- ing that the freeboards were assigned liy the eom- liiittee. Consult: Llniid's Sciiiihiii's Almanao (London, 1803) ; Lloyd's Rules and llcgukitions 'for the Coiislriiclion and Classi/icalion of Steel ^'csscls (London, 1001) ; InslrUctions to ilcasur- ing Surveyors (London, 1801). LOAM (AS. ICim. OHG. leimo, Ger. Leim, Lclint : coimcctcd with AS. Ihn, Eng. Itnie, Lat. linius, mud. and ultimately with AS. slim, Ger. Sclthim, Kug. slime). A term much employed by agriculturists and oyiers to designate a soil con- sisting of a mixture of clay. sand, and decompos- ing organic matter (humus). The clay present varies from 20 to 50 per cent. : lime is some- times present, though seldom exceeding 5 per cent. Loamy soils are not stilT and tenacious like clay soils, and are more fertile than sandy soils. Their pliysical pro])erties are such that they hold moist- ure for plant use more tenaciously tlian eillier clay or sand, but do not hold hygroscopic water as strongly as clay or as weakly as sand. Loams are al)undant in valleys, especially where the river is bordered by a flood plain. The clay used for making bricks is often really a loam in which the proportion of hunuis is very small. In Italy. Trancp. and other countries walls are made of such loam beaten down between planks ^t the reipiisile width; and these walls become very solid, and last for centuries. See Soil; Clay; JNLvuL; Sand. LOAN (AS. Ifin, Icrn, OHG. Uhnn. Ger. Lehen, J.rhn, loan: connected with Goth, leihican, AS. h'un, OHti. lihan, Ger. Icilien. to lend, Olr. leicim, I leave, Lilh. likti, Lat. lini/uere, Gk. 'Kelwetv, leipein, Sit. rich, to leave). In law-, 'loan' sig- nifies either the delivery of money or any ])ersonal property by one person to another for which an equivalent return in kind is to be made, or the liailment of a personal chattel to be spccificallv returned to the person making the loan. (See Bailment.) An important distinction to be noted between the two classes of loans is that in the lirst title to the property lent passes to the borrower and the person making the loan has only a contract right, in the ease of personal property, to recover damages if the borrower fails to pay, or in a proper ease he may compel specific performance (q.v.), and in the case of money to recover in an action of debt. In the second class the borrower or bailor acquires pos- session only and not the title of the property borrowed, and the lender may compel a return of the property lent by an action in replevin or rccoer ilaniages for its conversion (see Tro- ver ) if the borrower fails to return it. The second class of loans may belong eillii i to the class of bailments for the mutual beU' i of the bailor and bailee, in which case the bai! is bound to exercise due care for the safely of i i property lent — that is, such care as a prudent man would take of his own property — or tlity may belong to the class of gratuitous bailments, the delivery of an article to the bailee, for his use. without comiiensation, and on condition of it- return to the bailor. As this kind of liailment i- entirely to the advantage of the bailee, be is bound to use extraordinary care, and is respon- sible for .slight negligence in the use of the bail- ment. He is not responsible for the natural de- terioration by ordinary wear and tear of th article delivered, but with that exception nm return the article to the bailor in as good eoni. tiou as when it was received. The diligence to which the bailee is held in the care of the pro|' erty depends upon its character and value, aii.l the dangers to which it is exposed. See Bail- ment. Consult the authorities referred to under COXTKACT. LOANDA, 16-;in'da, Saint Pall de. A se:;- port of Africa. See Saint Paul de Loanda. LOANGO, 16-.an'g6. A coast district of W. ' Africa, exlendinir about 200 miles norlliward fi the mouth of the Congo to the vicinity of Ai i.n.imba. The coast is partly low and marsliv. jiartly steep and rocky, and the interior rises in terraced plateaus. The chief products are palm- oil and rubber. The northern half of the disliic i lies within the French Congo: the extreme south- ern part belongs to the Congo Free State, while the middle portion, called Cabinda (q.v.), belong-- to Portugal. The Loango district was origiinilly a part of the iiatiyc Congo Empire. It was lluu for a time an independent native kingdom until the arrival of the Portuguese, the Dutch, and the French, in the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- turies. It was for a long time the centre of the West African slave trade. The chief setllemcnt is Loango. LOANGO. Tlic chief settlement on the French Loango (q.v.) coast. West Africa, and the prin- cipal conunercial j)ort of the French Congo, situ- ated 100 miles north of the mouth of the Congo River (Map: Africa. F3). During the independ- ence of the native Loango State it had a popula- tion of over lo.OOO, but is now little more than a collection of European trading factories. It has a well-sheltered roadstead with considerable ship- ping. LOAYZA, 16-i'tha. or LOAYSA, 1,*, i'^a. Jeronimo de (c. 1500-75). A Spani.sh missionary to South America, born at Trujillo. He entered the Dominican Order, left for Cartagena in 1520, was made bishop in 1537, built a cathedral and established a school. He was transferred to the See of Lima, arriving in 1543, and was later made the first archbishop. He acted as peace-maker in several rebellions, but after the death of the Viceroy, Jlendoza, took the field against Giron. His chief work was the estab- lishment of the Hospital of Saint Anne, which is still in existence. LOBACHEVSKY, 16'b4-ehef'sk^. Nikolai Ivano'IITCH (1793-185G). A Russian mathema- tician, born at Xijni-Xovgorod, the son of a peas-