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* LIVY. 359 LIXIVIATIOUr. probability that the entire work would have con- tained 150 books and recorded events up to a.d. 14, the date of the death of Augustus. The title of the work was probably Ab Crbe Condita Libri, as this is given in the best MSS. and by the gram- marians, but it is true that Livy began with -Eneas, and also that he speaks loosely of his I annates (43, 13, 2). In his preface, however, he declares that he wrote from the beginning of the city, and Pliny, in his preface to the yatural Uis- lory, repeats this statement. Again, the term finiiales is general in its application, and, if Livy had used it as a title, Servius, who discussed the word in its relation to historim, would have re- ferred to the fact. To appreciate Livy's greatness we must con- sider the character of the writings of his pred- ecessors in this field, for, with the exception of Sallust, Roman historians before Livy were nar- rators of facts and recorders of events, mere an- nalists. Livy, following the methods of his pred- ecessors, built upon the foundation laid by them, and used with entire freedom, and evidently with- out a suspicion of plagiarism, the work of earlier historians. He relied upon the great Greek his- torian Polybius, and, judging from the fragments of the latter's account of the Macedonian wars, Livy took his information directly, omitting Greek references and polemical notes, and sup- plementing what could not be readily understood by the Romans. In tlie account of the Second I Punic War he probably used Polybius, al- though CVlius Antipater was his leading au- thority for tills period. Liy speaks very coldly of Polybius. and in fact not at all until book 30, although he had >ised his work through the third decade. He relied upon Valerius Antias in the tirst decade, but later on condemned him for his exaggerations and unreliability. Livy also used many otlier writers, such as Quadrigarius, Calpurnius Piso, and Silcnus, a Greek who wrote in a pro-Carthaginian spirit. When Livy's authorities disagreed, he did not endeavor to discover the truth, but followed his own fancy or struck an average. Sometimes he stands for the majority, or for the earliest and most probable account, or. influenced by his sym- pathies, recognizes the pro-Roman or most pic- turesque or impressive views, aiming all the time at the effective story. His history is not of value, then, as a critical work, falling below that of Polybius in this respect : but when we consider his patriotism and the charm of his style, we can understand Niebuhr's declaration that his history is a 'colossal masterpiece.' He was the national historian just as Vergil was the national poet. Livy accomplished the purpose of a great historian, although he was not an investigator, a quality, however, which Taine has declared to be requisite for an historian. In his celebrated preface he makes clear that he purposes to tell the story of the Roman people, and to tell it more efl'ectively tlian it had been told before, desiring to impress his readers with the lessons to be drawn from the history of Rome in its progress to its culmination, and to draw his own eyes away from tlie evils of his time. He declares that what hapjiened before the founda- tion of the city is more like a fable, and yet he would neither indorse nor condemn it. Thus Livy may not have believed in -Tineas or Romu- lus or Xuma. but he did not think it his part to examine into the matter critically, for he in- tended to write not a critical but an ethical his- tory of Rome. It is in his style that Livy stands preeminent. Althougli the great prose writer of the Augustan age, he does not follow the rhetorical style of Cicero, but, influenced by the diction of Vergil, he invented a new style, based on that of Cicero, but expanded and made mobile by the use of poetic words and phrases. He may be termed the first writer of Silver Latinity. It may be that this peculiarity in language and style brought upon him the charge of I'ataiinilas — from Palaiium (Padua), Li^'T's birtliplace — made by Asinius PoUio, and men- tioned by Quintilian, 1, 5, 56, and 8, 1, 3, who, however, does not make clear what this charge implied. It maj- refer to his general style or to his use of provincialisms or to his free and en- thusiastic way of speaking, at variance perhaps with the dignified restraint of Rome. Consult: Wiedmann, De Patavinitate Livii (Gorlitz, 1848-54) ; Moritz Haupt, Opuacula, ii. 09. In his early books he shows the influence of the subject-matter upon his style, but when he reaches the account of the Second Punic War, and gives a description, for example, of the visit of the Roman embassy to Carthage, and when he describes the ilacedonian wars, he writes in a most brilliant and masterly way. His speeches are, perhaps, artistically the most perfect of any- thing he has written. They are given with no intention of reproducing the words of the speaker, but reflect the character of the indi- vidual, and describe his position and motives. BlLLloGEAPUT. The edilio priyiceps of Livy appeared at Rome in 14G9. but books 33 and 40- 45 are omitted. The first critical edition is that of Gronovius (Leyden, 1G45). Some of the great editions are by Drakenborch (7 vols., Amsterdam, 1738-46), edited by Bekker and Raschig (Berlin, 1829) ; by Madvig and L'ssing (Copenhagen, 1861 et seq. and 1886 et seq.). a critical edition; by Luchs, a fine critical edition of books 26-30 (Ber- lin, 1879), and of books 21-25 (Berlin. 1888). The most important modern edition, with notes, is that by Weissenborn and Jliiller ( Berlin, 1867- 88). There are a number of good editions of separate portions. Book 1 bv Seeley (Oxford, 1876) : 2 and 3 by Stephenson (London. 1886); 4 by Stephenson (London, 1890) ; 5 by Whiblcy (London, 1890), and by Prenderville (London, 1890, first edition) ; 5-7 by Cluer and ilathesou (London. 1881) : 7 and 8 bv Luterbacher (Leip- zig, 1889-90) ; 21-22 bv Lord (Boston. 1891) : 1, 2i; and 22 bv Westcott (Boston. 1891) ; 21-25 by A. Harcourt (Paris. 1886) : 26-30 by Riemann (Paris, 1889): I, 21, 22, Greenough and Peck (Boston, 1900). On the language, consult Rie- mann, Eludes siir la langue et hi giammaire de Ti(e Lire (Paris, 1884). A lexicon is in coiirse of preparation by Fiigner, beginning 1894. Translations. — The entire work is translated into Elizabethan English by Philemon Holland (London, 1600): books 21-25 are translated by Church and Brodribb (2d ed., London. 1890) ; the entire work is translated into German by Klnil)cr and Teufi"el (2d ed. Stuttgart, 1854-56). LIXIVIATION (from Lat. /ixirii/m. lye, from U.T, ashes, lye). The extraction of the solu- ble ingredients of solid substances by allowing water to percolate through them. Lixiiation forms part of the treatment to which certain metallic ores are subjected industrially. A well- known use of lixiviation is the separation of the