Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/40

* LAW. 28 invited to invest in the shares of this company, and an extraordinarj' speculative mania resulted, which drove up the value of the shares to au ahiiust fabulous height. For a time it seemed as if the .lis>i;.Rippi Scheme would more than fullill its promises, and the company, which under- took the payment of the debts of the government, was charged with the receivership of the taxes. In the meanwhile the country was Hooded with paper money, and in 1720 a general financial collapse ensued. Law, who had been made Coun- cilor of .State and Comptroller of I'inanees just before the crash came, thought it prudent to quit France, lie proceeded lirst to Brussels, and then to Kngland, where he remained for several years, but linally settled in 'enicp, where he managed to maintain himself by gambling, and died there, March 21. 1729. Law appears to have remained a lirm believer in his theories regarding public credit and currency. A complete edition of his works, translated into French, was pub- lished at Paris in 17!J0. and reprinted in 1843. They have since been inserted in (iuillauman's collection of the writings of the chief econo- mists and financiers of the eighteenth century. Consult, for Law's life and theories of banking: Woml, .l/(ioii(s of the Life of John Law (Edin- burgh, 1824) ; Mackay, .lcnioirs of Lxlraordi- nary I'opulur Uelusions (London, 1850) ; Thiers, Laic et son syslinie dis fiiidiicis (I'aris, 1858; Kng. trans.. New York, 185'J) ; Perkins, France L'ndcr the lieyincii (Xew York, 18112) ; llcymann, Jjnw und scin System [Munich, LS53) ; Levasseur, Hecherchcs historif/ues sur le systenie de Law (Paris, 1854) ; Joheg, Vne preface au Hocialisme, ou Ic xy/itime de Law (Paris, 1848). LAW, Joii.v (1796-1873). An American ju- rist, born in New London, Conn. He was de- scended from a line of lawyers including Jona- than Law, Chief .Justice of the Connecticut Su- preme Court (1741-501. Educated at Yale, he was admitted to [)racticc in 1817, and soon after- wards emigrated to Indiana, and made his home at Vineennes. He was successively prosecuting attorney, member of the State Legislature (1823), again district attorney, a judge for eight terms, and in 1838 was appointed receiver of public moneys. In 1851 he moved to Evans- ville, and was one of the founders of the town of Lamasco; four years afterwards he was ap- pointed judge of the C'ourt of Land Claims; and in 18G0 he was elected to the House of Repre- sentatives, and served in the Thirty-seventh and Thirty -eighth Congresses on committees on li- brary, agriculture, and Revolutionary pensions. His address on the Colonial History of Vineennes was published in 1839 and in 1858. He was president of the Indiana State Historical Society. LAW, ViLLi.M (168C-17(il). An English de- votional author. He was born at King's ClifTe, Northamptonshire; and Ava.s educated at Em- manuel College, Cambridge, where he took his degree of M.A. in 1712. He was a strong Tory sympathizer and refused to take the oath of allegiance on the accession of George I. His writings are deeply tinged with mysticism, and in later life he was a follower of .Jakob IJi'ihme. His Kerioux Call to a Deroiit and Holy Life (1729) first awakened the religious sensibilities of Dr. Johnson, who speaks of it in high terms. The Wesleys also derived much advantage from it, and became intimate with Law. but later re- jected his teachings. His other writings include: LA WES. Ifemarks Upon Maruleville's Fables of the Bees (published 1724; republished with an introduc- tion by Maurice, 1844) ; The Ahsoliilc L nlaicful- iiif-s of the iSlaye Lnlcrtainmcnt Fully Demon- xlralcd (172U) ; letters to the Bishop of Bangor (1717-19); and some very able attacks on the rationalism of his day. His collected works were published in London in nine volumes in 1702. Consult Overton, Law, Nonjuror and Mystic (1881). LA WES, Ifiz, Hexry (159G-1G02). An Eng- lish nui~lci:in. After studying music under John Cooper, he was sworn in as gentleman of the royal chapel of Charles I. (1G25), where he soon gained celebrity as a composer of music for masques and songs. Of the former the most im- jjortant was Milton's Masijuc of Com us, which was under his personal direction and was set to music and produced at Ludlow Castle in 1034. !Milton, who was probably his pupil, refers to him in highly eulogistic terms in several 6f his poems. His music, although written in the Ital- ian style, was decidedly original, and was also highly praised by Waller, Herrick, and Phillips, whose songs he had done much to popularize. A strong Royalist, he was appointed a member of the King's Band, and subsequently Clerk of the Cheque. During this period (1025-02), in ad- (iition to composing the anthem for the corona- tion of C^harles 11. in 1053, he i)ublislied Ayrr-i and Dialogues for One, Two, and Three Voices. He was buried in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey. An elder brother. William Lawes (c.1582-1045), was also attached as a musician to the royal chapel, and was associated with him in some of his musical undertakings. This broth- er, who was killed at the siege of Chester, com- posed a portion of the music for the Choic- Psalmcs, published in 1048. LAWES,, Twin Be.xnet (1814-1900). A cele- brated English agricultural chemist, born at Itothamsted, Hertfordshire. He was educated at Eton, Oxtford, and London, entered upon the management of the paternal estate of Rothamsted in 1834, and three years later commenced ex- periments with plants grown in pots of soil. He early discovered a process for transforming bone into superphosphate by the use of sulphuric acid, took out a patent in 1842, and built up an extensive business which he managed for about thirty years. In 1807 he engaged in the manufacture of tartaric and citric acids, and continued in this business until his death. The experimental inquiries at Rothamsted were en- larged in 1843 by the employment of Dr. (after- wards Sir) J. H. fiilbert to superintend the laboratory work. For more than fifty years Lawes and fJilbert conducted elaborate agricul- tural investigations. The field experiments were enlarged and systematized until they occupieil nearly forty acres in 1856. Experiments with animals were begiin in 1847. and a variety of problems in animal nutrition have since been studied. In 1889 Sir .John transferred the labo- ratories and experimental fields of Rothamsted to a board of trustees with an endowniient of about £100.000. thus insuring the continuance of the investigations. At this time he made provision for a biennial course of lectures in the fnited States on the Kothnmsted work. .Vceounts of the Rothamsted work may be found in the ■lonrnnl of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, Reports of the British Association