Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/398

* LIVII. 35-1 LIVINGSTON. The eognomina of the gens are Deiiter, Drusus, Libo, Macatus, and Saliiiator. The hist of these was first given to Marcls Livius, who imposed a tax on salt in his censorshiiJ. As consul with .i-Emilius Paulus in B.C. 21!) he shared in the triumph after the Illjrian War, but was con- demned for liaving unfairly divided the spoils. But he was consul ayain in 207, and in that year commanded, jointly with the Consul Gains Claudius Xcro, the army which defeated Ilas- drubal at the Metaurus. In 20.> he was pro- consul in Etruria, and penned up the Cartliagin- ian IMago in l.iguria: he was censor in the following v<^ar, with Xero, his old enemy and colleague, in the consulate, and the two quarreled bitterly. A Livius Dklsis in B.C. 54 was de- fended by Cicero from the charge of betraying a case he was to prosecute, and was acqiiitted. He may possibly have been the Livius Drusus Claudi- anus. father of Livia Drusilla and originally of the Claudian gen.s, who sided with the liberators and committed suicide after Philippi (B.C. 42). LIVING FISH. A name in China, translat- ing iang ya,' for various walking lishes (q.v. ), so called because they are "carried al)out in tubs and sold in pieces cut from the fish when alive." LIVINGSTON. A seaport of Guatemala, situated at the iiinuth of the Dulce. on the Gulf of Amatique. It is a port of transit, for the town of Izabal ((].v. ), situated at the head of Lake Izabal, of which the Dulce is the outlet, the river not being navigable for large vessels. The town exports cnllcc. cabinet-woods, and tropical fruits, the trade being chiefly with the United States. It is the seat of a United States consular agent. Populalion. 1")00. LIVINGSTON. A city ajid the county-seat of Park County, Jlont., 123 miles southeast of Helena, on the Yellowstone River, and on the Northern Pacific Kailroad and its National Park branch (Map: ^Montana, D 3). It is a railroad division headquartei's, and, besides machine-shops, roundhouses, etc., has lumber-mills and lime- works, and an important trade in live stock, wool, gold, coal, and coke. The city is of note also as a centre for sportsmen, the adjacent re- gion allording good hunting and fishing. The Northern Pacific Railroad depot here, erected in 1902. at a cost of .$75,000, is a splendid edifice. Population, in 1890, 28.50; in 1900, 2778. LIVINGSTON, Edward (1704-18.30). An American jurist and statesman, born May 26, 1704, at Clermont, Columbia County, N. Y. He graduated in 1781 at Princeton, studied law at Albany and New Y'ork. was admitted to the bar in 1785, and rose rapiilly to high rank in his profession. From 1795 to ISOl he was a member of Congress, where he su])|)orted the measures of the Republican Party, and attracted attention, particularly by speeches against tlic Alien and Sedition laws, on the resolution calling for the correspondence relative to the .Jay Treaty, and on the conduct of President John .dams "in the case of .Jonathan Robbins. In 1801 he was ap- pointed L'nited States Attorney for the district of New York, and during the same year was elected Mayor of the city of New York. Through the dishonesty of a clerk in the District Attorney's ofiice. Livingston's affairs soon became seriously embarrassed, with the result that he was found to be considerably behind in his accounts. Upon discovering the con- duet of his agent Livingston voluntarily con- fessed judgment for $100,000, resigned his' olfice, and prepared to leave New Y'ork. The e.xact amount of the shortage was something over $43,- 000. It was not luitil 1820 that a final set- tlement with the United States was made. The amount of the shortage with the accrued interest had then reached .$100,000, every dollar of which Livingston paid. His resolution to abandon the State was unshaken, and he couhl not be persuaded to reconsider his decision. In Dcccm- Ijer, 1803, he sailed for New Orleans, and early in 1804 became a member of the bar there. Louisiana had just been acquired by the United States, chiefly through the diplomacy of his brother, Robert R. Livingston, and a great future seemed to await men of Livingston's talents in that country. The legal system of Louisiana was a strange mi.ture of Spanish and French law, having its foinidation in the Corinis Jiiiis Cifilis of the Romans. In spite of this dif- ficulty he soon had a lucrative practice, and, by accepting land for his fees, acquired the basis of a respectable fortune. During the second war with Great Britain he served for a time as secretary and confidential adviser to General .Jackson. In 1820 he was elected to the Lower House of the Louisiana Legislature, and with two other members was commissioned to iirci)are a civil code for the State. Their draft, largely the work of Livingston, was adopted, in large part, by the Legislature in 1825. In the year 1821 he was selected by joint ballot of the Legis- lature to revise the entire system of criminal law of the State. For this task he possessed pre- eminent qualifications, having studied with great care the legal systems of Rome, France, Spain, and Great Britain. After about three years of labor he had finished a complete system of penal law, divided into codes, books, chapters, sections, and articles. Unfortunately, just as the final draft of the code was completed, it accidentally caught fire and was completely destroyed. Un- daunted by this misforttnie, he again began the vork, and within two years it was again com- pleted. The code was marked by liberal and enlightened principles, and contained jn-ovisions looking toward a more hinnane penal system. The work was styled .1 (ii/stcm of Venal Litw, and was divided into a Code of Crimes and Punishments; a Code of Procedure; a Code of Evidence; and a Code of Reform and Prison Dis- cipline, Ix'sides a Book of Definition. The system which Livingston prepared was never directly adopted as a whole by the State, but its publica- tion gave him fame throughout America and Europe, and many of its principles were incor- porated in the legal systems of other States of America, and even in those of certain Eunqican countries, while the Government of Guatemala adopted his Code of Reform and Prison Discipline without change. In 1822, while still engage<l in the revision of the Louisiana legal system, Liv- ingston was elected to Congress. He was twice reelected, serving mitil 1829, when he was trans- ferred to the United States Senate, where he took high rank. In 1831 President .lackson ajipointed him Secretary of State, and in 1833 sent him as Minister Plenipotentiary to France to demand the payment by the French Government of an in- demnity of a million sterling on account of depredations upon American couuiierce. He was