Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/396

* LIVERPOOL. 352 LIVER-ROT. ship-building, and shipping trade. It has tan- neries, leather manufactures, saw and planing mills, and carriage-works. The United States is represented bv a consular agent. Population, in 1891, 2405; in 1901, 1937. LIVERPOOL, Charles Jenkinson, first Earl of ( 1727-1808). An English statesman. He was born at Winchester, .April 26, 1727, and came of a distinguished O.xfordshire family. He was educated at the Charterhouse School, London, and at University College, 0.ford, graduating M.A. in 1752. In early life he published, among other works, a Discuiifsc on the Conduct of Gov- ernment Respecting Neutral Natiojis — a valuable work, which was translated into several lan- guages. His literary ability attracted the notice of Lord Bute, whose i)rivate secretary he became. In 1761 he was appointed an Under-Secretary of State, and the same year was elected to Parlia- ment; in 1703 he became joint Secretary of the Treasury; in 1766 was made Lord of the Ad- miralty by the Grafton Administration; in 1772 was appointed one of the vice-treasurers of Ire- land, and in 1776 Miister of the Mint. He was Secretary of War, 1778-82, and his connection with the closing j-cars of the American War gained him an unpopuhirity on both sides of the Atlantic, which, however, he outlived. In 1783 he was appointed by Pitt .a member of the Board of Trade. In 1786 he was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, created Baron Hawkesbury, and appointed president of the Board of Trade; in 1796 he was created Earl of Liverpool. After this he withdrew almost entirely from public life, and died in London, December 17, 1808. LIVERPOOL, Robert Banks Jenkinson, second Earl of (1770-1828). An English states- man. He was the eldest son of Charles Jenkin- son. Educated at the Charterhouse School and Christ Church College, Oxford, he went in 1789 on a Continental tour, which gave him a sight of the opening days of the French Revolu- tion. In 1790 he was elected to Parliament, and became closely connected with the Tory interests. After seven years' work as a member of the India Board, he became a member of the Addington Cabinet in 1801, negotiating while in that posi- tion the famous Treaty of Amiens with Napoleon. After 1796 he was known by courtesy as Lord Hawkesbury, and in 1803 was created Baron Hawkesbury. On the return of Pitt to power, Hawkesbury became Home Secretary (1804-06). He held the same ollice under the Portland Administration, in 1S07. In 1S08, on the death of his father, he became Earl of Liverpool. After holding portfolios in the Ministry of Perceval, he became Premier on the assassination of that statesman in 1812, and for fifteen years re- mained at the head of English affairs. Though his administration was frequently very unpopu- lar, he was enabled, by the union in 1812 of the old and new Tories, to obtain majorities. He opposed the reform of Parliament and Roman Catholic emancipation, and had to bear the odium of the difficulties of Oeorge IV. with his wife. Queen Caroline. His Ministry was further criticised for the bad administration of finances, the increase of the duty on im- ported grain, and the reputed connivance of England in the putting down of the revolu- tion in Naples, Personally Lord Liverpool was a free-trader, seeking, in connection with Canning and Huskisson, the reform of the burdensome Corn Laws. On February 17, 1827, he had a stroke of paralysis, and was compelled thereby to resign office. He died December 4, 1828. Liverpool was not a brilliant man. but his con- servatism and steadiness helped materially to carry England safely through the enormous dif- ficulties of the Napoleonic era, and the rearrange- ment of affairs which became necessary there- after. Consult: Yonge, Life and Adiniiiislration of Lord Liverpool (London, 1868) ; Kebbell, His- torij of Toryism (London, 1882) ; Napier, Penin- sular War (London, 1857). LIVER-ROT, or Fluke Disease. A disease of sheep, due to the presence, in the liver and biliary ducts, of a fat worm {Disloma hepati- cum) or fluke, which often causes very heavy losses in sheep-raising countries. It also oc- casionally attacks rabbits, hares, deer, and cattle. Autumn and early winter are the periods of its most frequent occurrence. Close, damp weather, inducing a rapid growth of soft, luxu- riant herbage, favors its development ; low, damp, marshy situations, water-meadows, and undr.ained lands furnish a large pro])ortion of cases, and sheep grazed upon such land, or taking a single draught from an infected, stagnant pool, may contract the disorder by swallowing the young llukes. The hay from such localities in- duces rot almost as readily as the fresh grass. From fifteen to forty days usually elapse before any serious consequences follow from the presence of the parasite. At first, indeed, digestion ap- pears to be stimulated, and the sheep thrive rather better than before; but by and liy they lapidly waste, their wool becomes dry and easily detached, their bowels irregular, their skin and mucous membranes yellow, as is usually con- veniently observed by examining the eye and ita pearly caruncle. The body, after death, is soft, fiaccid, and indift'erently nourished ; watery ef- fusions are discovei-ed underneath the jaws and in other dependent parts; the small quantities of unabsorbed fat are dirty yellow; the liver is soft and enlarged, and usually mottled with patches of congestion. In the thick and muddy bile, the, flukes, with their myriads of spawn, float in variable numbers. The treatment of liver-rot is so seldom satis- factory that if the animals, when first affected, are in tolerable condition, no time slioulil be lost in having them slaughtered. It remedial meas- ures are attempted, the sheep should be removed to a dry situation, and liberally supplied with dry, nutritive food. During the summer, feed grain with the grass; during the winter, when cases are most frequent, supply clover-bay, peas, or#plit beans, a little bruised linseed cake, and a few roots ; pieces of rock salt should also be laid about the ground for the patients to lick. Medicines are seldom of much avail. Those most to be relied on are turpentine and powdered gentian in two-dram doses, given daily, beaten up with an egg and a little milk, or with some lin- seed gruel. The turpentine, besides acting bene- ficially as a stimulant, doubtless also exercises a poisonous action on the flukes, while the gentian imparts tone to the irritated and relaxed bowels.. The prevention of liver-rot is usually effected by removing from the land all superfluous moisture by deep and thorough drainage. Where pastures are suspected of infestation, beans and oats should for a time be fed in moderate quantity.