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* LIVEBPOOL. 351 LIVERPOOL. is capable of yielding 40,U00,000 gallons a day. The cleansing of the city of the sewage and gar- bage is carried on by the corporation under the immediate supervision of the cit.y engineer. The material gathered is converted as far as possible into fertilizers, the rest being disposed of by combustion. The clinker remaining after com- bustion is broken up and made into slabs for side- walks. Part of the sewage is convened to the municipal sewage farms, on which are raised crops of rye, grass, and all kinds of vegetables. These farms have been thus remuneratively man- aged for over twenty-live years. The maintenance of municipal baths dates as far back as 1794, Liverpool having been the first city in England to provide its citizens with cheap bathing facilities. It has at present tile largest and best-fitted bath- ing establishments in England, which are patron- ized by more than a million people per year, but with the extremely low prices (one cent upward) the city has not been able to make them self- sustaining. The municipal markets, however, more than offset the above losses, yielding on the average an annual net income of some .$90,000. The entire system of docks and harbor im- provements of the city is in the hands of the ^Jersey Dock and Harbor Board, in whieli are represented the three boroughs Liverpool, Birk- enhead, and Bootle. The first ilersey dock was built by the Liverpool corporation in 1708. Sev- eral of the docks are inclosed with large ware- houses and most of them have half-tide locks and wet basins. The Herculaneum dock contains a remarkable petroleum magazine made of solid rock and having a capacity of GO. 000 barrels. Liverpool is one of the half-dozen large English cities having no municipal gas plant. But it ac- quired an electric plant in 1895, which has been enlarged since to provide power for the municipal tramways. The latter have been worked by the city only since 1897; previous to that the lines were leased to a private company at an annual rental which left the city a net profit of nearly SIOO.OOO. Liverpool owns and maintains five hospitals for the treatment of infectious dis- eases such as smallpox, diphtheria, and typhoid. More than $3,000,000 has been expended by the corporation for parks, and in addition to its nine large parks there are more than twenty small gardens, bringing the total park area up to more than 700 acres. In addition to its public schools, the city sub- sidizes a great number of institutions to provide facilities for technical instruction: there are special centres of instruction for working women and girls; evening classes in commercial and technical subjects; a school of applied art: and departments of electrical engineering, hygiaie. and commerce in connection with the University College. Also notable are the Liverpool College, Liverpool Institute, School of Art. School of Architecttire and Applied Science. Saint Francis Xavier's College. Catholic Institute, and the Liv- erpool School of Science. The corporation has recently established a nautical college for the training of officers and seamen for the merchant marine. The city maintains free public libraries, which are well equipped and accessible to the people in every section of the town. Free lec- tures for working people are given in connection with that department. The museums include the Derby iluseuni. with zoological, botanical, and geological departments and an aquarium; and the JIayer Museum, containing European and Oriental antiquities and au ethnographical collection. Liverpool is known more for its commerce and shipping than for its industries. Its foreign trade has given it its great importance. It has the largest share of the British trade with America, Australia, India, Africa, and the Medi- terranean Sea, and until very recently stood at the head of British commercial ports, but of late years has been outstripped by London. Its growth will be seen from the following table: YE.IB Vessels Tounaife 1801 s.oeo 12,537 21.09.-. 20,249 20,0S7 450 719 1631 1861 4 ''77 '7 ' 1881 1901 Liverpool has a larger fleet of merchant vessels than any other seaport in the world. The leading articles of import are cotton (85 per cent, of all the cotton imports into the country), flour and grain, cattle, dressed meat, raw sugar, wool, to- bacco, timber, leather, etc.; the combined value of imports reached the enormous total of over .$500,- 000.000 in 1901. The chief articles of export are cotton good^^, linen, machinery, pig iron. etc. As an industrial centre Liverpool is famous for its shipbuilding yards, in which large merchant and war vessels are made. It has also large iron and brass foundries, engine-works, sugar-rclin- eries, breweries, etc. It is a great shipping point of emigrants to America. The growth of Liverpool in population has kept pace with its commercial progress. In the middle of the fourteenth century there were only about 800 inhabitants. In 1700 the popu- lation was nearlv GOOO; in 1700, about 25.000; in 1801, 82.000; "in 1851, .375,000; in 1891, G29,- 548; in 1901, 084,947. The name Liverpool, probably Anglo-Saxon in origin, first occurs in 1190. In 1207 King .John granted certain privileges to all settlers in the place, and in 1229 it received a charter of incor- poration. Before IGOO its growth was insignifi- cant. During the Civil War it was held by the Parliamentarians : was thrice besieged, and was taken by Prince Rupert in lfi44. Its commercial prosperity began after the Restoration. During the eighteenth century it grew rich in the slave trade and privateering; later it became the great emporium for American trade. The first impor- tant steam railroad in the world was opened be- tween Liverpool and Manchester in 1830. BiBi.iOGB,vpnT. Moore, Liverpool in King Charles the ficcond's Time, Wrillcn in the Tear 1667-68 (Liverpool, 1899) ; Baines. Hislorn of the Commerce and Town of Liverpool (Liverpool, 18.52); Ellison, The Cotton Trade of Great Britain, inchidinff a IJistorii of the Liverpool Cotton Market (London, 188G) ; Shaw, .Uiiiii- eipnl Government in Great Britain (New York, 1898) ; Donald (ed.). The Municipal Tear Booh of the United Kingdom (London, annual) ; Malt- bie, Miinici/wl Functions (New York, 1898). LIVERPOOL. The capital of Queen's County, Xova Sc.it i:i. Canada, a town and port of entry on the Mersev River. 75 miles southwest of Hali- fax (Map: N^ova Scotia, E 5K A free bridge connects the town with Bristol. It contains the county buildings, has a good harbor, considerable