Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/388

* LITJDPBAND. 344 LIVEB. historian, to whom we owe much of our knowl- edge of the liistory of Italy in the tenth century. He came of a noble L<imbar(l family. His father wati ambassador of King Hugo of Italy to Con- stantinople in !t27, and died .soon alter. Liud- prand was tlioreupon educated at the dissolute Court of Hugo, but was early destined for the Church, being ordained deacon in 0.31. Neverthe- less he was, throughout his life, l)etter versed in pagan learning than in Christian lore, and in his works biblical quotations are interwoven with many excerpts from Cicero, Vergil, Horace, and Ovid. After Hugo's power began to wane, Liid- prand turned toward Bcrengar II. (q.v.), and obt;iine<l a position in the new ruler's chancery. In 040 he went on an embassy to Constantinople, but soon thereafter he had a dispute with Bcren- gar, and we do not hear of him again until 956, in which year he appeared at tlie Court of King Otho of Cierniany. At the request of Bishop Rece- mund of Ehira, he began in 958 his l)cst work, the Antfjpodofsis. In it he attacks Berengar and his Queen. Nilla.but also treats of the Italian his- tory in the period 88G to 949. He is not impar- tial, but interesting and learned. In 902 Otho the Great made him Bishop of Cremona, whence he is spoken of as Liudprand of Cremona. Throughout the Germanic invasion of Italy he pla,ved an important role, and in 968 he went to Constantinople to seek the hand of a Byzantine princess for the future Otho II., but the Emperor Nicephorus (q.v.) refused the proffered alliance. We have the experiences of this embassy pre- served in Liudprand's De Leijiitione. He died soon after his return. There is no foundation for the statement so often made that Liudprand also took part in the later successfil embassy to Con- stantinople, which obtained the hand of Theo- phano for Otho II. Besides the two works men- tioned above Liudprand also wrote: De Reius Gestis Ottnnis Mac/iii Imperatoris, covering the period from 900 to 904. The best edition of his works is in the Moniimcnta Gcrmaniw Historica (Berlin, 1839), published separately (Berlin, 1877). Consult: Kiipke, De Vita lAutprandi (Berlin, 1842) ; Watt«nbach, Drutschlnnds Oe- scliichiKfjurllrH. vol. i. (Oth ed., Berlin, 1893- 94) ; Osten-Sacken. "Aus Liudprands Werken," in GeschirJitsuchrciher drr deiitschcn Vorxcit (2d ed.. Ix>ipzig, 1890). LIU-KIU d.voT/kyoo') ISLANDS. A group of islands belonging to Japan. See Loo-OHOO Islands. LIUTPRAND, lei.it'prand (e.690-744). A king of the Lombards (712-744), under whom they rose to their greatest power. He took ad- Tantage of the political confusion of Italy to attack and conquer Ravenna (728). In 739 he ma-de an alliance with Charles Martel against the Arabs, and three years later defeated the Dukes of Beneventum and Spoleto. The result of his legal activity was the Ediclri Liulprandi. LIUTPRAND. An Italian historian. See LivnPBA^n. LIVADIA, liv'ii-de'a (Lat., from Gk. Ae/SdSeio, Lehadeia ) . A town of Greece, capital of the Nomarchy of Boeotia, situated on the western edge of the plain formed by the draining of Lake Copais. In ancient times it derived its chief im- portance from the subterranean oracle of Tro- pbonius (q.v.). Under Turkish rule it was the most important town in Xorthem Greece and gave its name to the Province of Livadia. The town lies at the entrance of the wild and pic- turesque gorge of the Ilcrcyna, at the foot of a steep liill crowned by a ruined castle, attributed to the Catalan Company. The site of the cave of the oracle is not with certainty identitied. Population, in 1896, 0494. LIVADIA, Ift-vil'de-a. An estate of the Rus- sian Injjjerial family on the southern coast of the Crimea, Russia, situated about three miles southwest of Yalta (Map: Russia, D 6). It con- sists of two palaces surrounded by extensive parks and gardens. In the vicinity are situated numerous villas and palaces belonging to the Russian nobility. Alexander III. died at Livadia on November 1, 1894. LIVE-FOREVER. A perennial herb. See HOUSELEEK. LIVE OAK. See Oak. LIVER (AS. lifer, OIIG. libara, leiara. Ger. Leber: probably connected ultimately with Lat. jecur, Gk. flirap, hfpiir. Arm. hard, Skt. yakrt, liver). The largest gland in the body; it weighs from 3 to 4 pounds, and measures about 12 inches from side to side, and or 7 inches from its an- terior to its posterior border. It is situated in the right hypochondriac region, and reaches over to the left. It is thick and indented behind, where it crosses the convex bodies of the ver- tebra, convex on its u])per surface, where it lies in the concavity of the diaphragm ; and concave below, where it rests against the stomach, colon, and right kidney. This lower surface presents a fissure dividing the organ into a right and a left lobe. The liver is retained in its position by five ligaments. Besides the right and left lobe, there are three smaller lobes. The great bulk of the organ is, however, made up of the right lobe, which is six times as large as the left. The ves.sels of the liver are the hepatic artery, a branch of the cceliac axis (see Aobta). which supplies the organ with nutrient blood: the por- tal vein, which conve,vs to the liver the venous blood of the intestines, spleen, and stomach ; the hepatic veins, which conve,v the blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava; the hepatic duct, which carries off the bile from the liver; and the lymphatics. The liver, both on its surface and internally, is of a dark reddish tint. The substance of the organ is composed of lobules held together by extremely tine areolar tissue, and ramifications of the minute branches of the various hepatic vessels. Each lobule is composed of a mass of hepatic cells, of a plexus of biliary ducts, of a portal plexus (from the contents of which the cells obtain the biliarv matters that are found in their interior), of a branch of the hepatic vein, and of minute arteries. The exact mode in which the bile formed in the cells makes its way into ! the ducts is not known. The numberless minute i ducts gradually run into one another, until, as 1 they emerge from the lower surface of the liver, j they are reduced to two large trunks, which soon j unite to form the hepatic duct. Into the hepatic ! duct, the cy.stic duct from the neck of the gall- bladder (presently to be described) enters, and the two combine to form the common duct (duc- tus communis choledochus), which opens into