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* LITURGY. 343 LITJDPRAND. of these 'uses' was the Sarum, which just before the Reformation was very widelj- used. From it was taken much of the present service of the Church of England. The earliest extant lorm of the Roman liturgy or Mass is found in the 'Leonine Sacramentary,' probably compiled about A.i). 550. Later forms are found in the Sacramentaries of Oelasius and Gregory the Great. From the eighth century on, Rome has striven to enforce uniformity in ritual and has succeeded in supplanting the various Latin uses until to-day her followers, with very few exceptions, use the same form of liturgy in all lands and all churches. See .Iis.s.L. The Vernacular litiiryies of the West are the product of the Reformation. The leaders both in Germany and England tried at first to reform the Latin service, but soon abandoned it for a vernacular form. The earliest attempts were made in Germany between 1520 and 1526. In the latter year appeared Luther's German ilass, and from that time a large number of German services were compiled, some following the old Latin, while others made radical clianges. The followers of Luther were inclined to be conserva- tive, while those of Zwingli were more radical. A comparison of the l^utheran liturgies or Agendas of the sixteenth century shows a certain type of .service which may be called normal, con- sisting of: (1) Introit; (2) Kyrie; (.3) Gloria in excelsis; (4) collect; (5) epistle; (6) alleluia; (7) gospel; (8) creed; (9) sermon; (10) gen- eral prayer; (11) preface; (12) .Sanctus and Ho- sanna ; (13) exhortation to communicants; (14) Lord's Prayer and words of nistitution; (15) Agnus Dei; (10) distribution; (17) post-com- munion thanksgiving; (18) benediction. With the rise of rationalism in the seventeenth century the older forms of liturgies gave place to a very bald, bare service, in which the congregation had no part. A revival and return to earlier forms began with the publication in 1822 of the A'ir- cheiiafioirla for the Court and Cathedral Church of Berlin, and since that time new and revised agendas have been introduced in nearly all the German States, among the most important of which is the Ac/ende fiir die Eraiifjelische Landes- kirche introduced into Prussia in 1S94. The first agenda of the Lutheran Church in America was the work of H. M. Muehlenberg in 1747. At present either 'The Church Book" of 1801 or 'The Common Service' of 1888 is used; but neither of these is rigidly enforcea. Both of them represent a return to the earlier type of the sixteenth century. Zwingli set forth a communion service for the Reformed Church in 1525, which was to be used once a year in Holy Week. This was the liturgy used at Zurich as late as 1075. The form of liturgy recommended by Calvin is found in his Manner of Celebrating the Lord's Supper. After the .sermon there was a long prayer, including a petition for the worthy reception of the sacra- ment; then followed: (a) The Scripture lesson I. Cor. xi. 25-29; (b) an address warning all to examine themselves; (c) the communion, the ele- ments given with a fornuila — during the reception Psalm c.xxxviii. is sung; the celebration closes with (d) the prayer of thanksgiving, (e) Song of Simeon, and (f) the blessing. The service is that now used in the Reformed Cliureh of Amer- ica, and was introduced in a modified form into Scotland by .John Knox in his Book of Common Order, and used until his death. This book gave great latitude for extempore prayer. Besides the office for the holy conuuunion it contained vari- ous other services and alternate forms. In 1044 the Westminster Assembly adopted the Directory of Public Worship, in which tlie ollice for the holy communion is stripped almost entirely of its liturgical form, and room i.s made for the minister to use his own compositions. The com- municants sit instead of kneeling at the Lord's "Table. The minister reads the words of institu- tion, then ofi'crs a prayer of blessing, and dis- tributes the bread and wine with a formula. After all have communicated the minister is to give solemn thanks to God. The form of communion service used in the churches of the Anglican communion is found in the Hook of Common I'rayer of these churches. In character it occupies a ground between the liturgies of the Reformed and Lutheran churches on the one side and the Roman on the other. This service was first printed in 1549, and has been revised a number of times both in its English and American forms. The mo.st marked peculiar- ity of the American form is due to the influence of the Scottish Nonjurors' office. See Pkayeb- BooK, Common. Beginning with the Oxford movement in Eng- land in the first half of the nineteenth century there has been a remarkable revival in the study of liturgies both in England and America, and many Christian bodies have shown an increa.sing tendency to introduce liturgical forms into their services. Binr.iooUAPHT. Hammond, Liturgies, Eastern and WexJern (Oxford, 1878; new ed. by Bright- man, 1S9 seq.) ; Rietschel. Lehrbuch der Litur- gik (Berlin. 1900) ; Daniel, Codfx Liturgicus (4 vols.. Leipzig. 1847-54) ; Renaudot. Collect ia Liturgiarum Orientalium (Paris, 1710; new ed., Frankfort. 1847) ; Swainson, The Creek Liturgies (London, 1884); Weale, HibliotlUque liturgiquc (Paris. 1878) ; id., An8) : Roliert- son. The Dirine and Sacred Liturgies of Chrysos- tom and ISasil the Great (il)., 1886) ; Malan, Original Documents of the Coptic Church (ib., 1872) ; Wobbermin, Altchristliche Stiicke aus der Kirche Aegyptens (Leipzig, 1899) ; Xeale and Forbes. Ancient Liturgies of the (lallican Church (Burntisland. 1855) ; Maskell. Monumenta Rilu- alia Leclesio' Anglicanw (London, 1865). LITURGY, .Tewi.sii. See SvNWdoGrE. LITUUS. See SpiR.t. LIUDGER, le'i.id-ger. Saixt (c.744-809). The first Bishop of Slunster. in Germany. He wa» born in Friesland, but received his education in England, where he studied under Alcuin (q.v. ). On his return to the Continent he sought to con- vert his fellow-countrymen to Christianity, but in 784, at the time of Wittekind's mission to Friesland, temporarily abandoned the work and made a journey lo Rome, .ftfrwards he resumed his missionary labors and became the first Bishop of Miinstcr. The various ^'ita■ Saneti Liudgeri have been published by Diekamp in four volumes entitled fleschiehtsqucllen des Llistums Miinsier (1881). For his life consult: Hlising iMiinster, 1878) ; Pinssmann ( Kreiburg. 1S79> : and Krimp- hove (Paderborn. 1886). LITJDPRAND, le'ufi-pn^nd. LIUTPRAITD, or LIUZO, lyoo'ts6 (C.922-C.972). An Italiaa