Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/363

* LISSAJOUS FIGURES. 321 LIST. Lissajous attached a small niiirur to one prong of each of two tuning-forks of the same pitch. t)ne fork is mounted vertically, F,. Fig. a, and the other horizontally. Fa. A raj- of light from the lamp, L, is made to fall first on the mirror of the vertical fork, thence upon that of the Fio. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. i. horizontal fork, and finally on the screen S. If Fj alone vibrates, then the spot of light on the screen will move up and down, owing to the Fig. 5. tilting of the mirror on that fork. If F, is the only one in motion the spot will move hori- zontally; and finally if both vibrate simultane- ously, then a combination curve will be exhibited, similar to someone i^^R ■";,>',;■ ■''•^;a«sg:'S!aSi -of the forms of Fig. 2. If the two forks have differ- ent rates of vibra- tion then complex curves will appear ; if one is the octavo of the other, it will be of the class of Fig. 3: and Fig. 4 would be given by two forks hav- ing the interval of the fifth. In an- other form of ap- paratus for the same purpose the forks are replaced by two steel springs the rates of which can be varied by their length and by a small adjustable weight. Fig. illustrates another method of showing these forms of vibration. The plumb-bob D is free to swing perpendicular to the plane of the paper around the line AB with an effective length of the pendulum of CD: in the plane of the paper it can only swing around E with the effective length DE. By means of the sliding clamp E it is possible to adju.st the two rates of vibration to definite ratios and then the bob D will execute some one or all of the above curves. Manj' other methods have been de- vised for showing or drawing these curves. LIST, list, Friedbich (1789- 1846). A German economist. He was born at Reutlingen in Wiirt- temberg. He was the son of a well- to-do tanner, but, as he had no taste for his father's trade, he en- tered the public service as a clerk and rose rapidly until in 1810 he attained the position of ministerial undersecretary. In 1817 he was appointed professor of political economy at Tubingen, but with the fall of the Ministry which he sup- ported he was forced in 18.19 to re- sign his professorship. He was elected memlwr of the Diet of Wiirttemberg, but was expelled in 1822 for his censure of the acts of the Government, and was condemned to ten months' imprison- ment. He escaped, however, seeking refuge suc- cessively in Baden, Alsace, and Switzerland. In 1825 he came to Penn.sylvania, where he tried farming, but soon abandoned it to become editor of a (jernian paper in Reading. In 1827 he published a pamphlet entitled Outlines of a ew System of Political Economii. in which he de- fended the doctrine of protection. The discovery of coal upon his property placed him in easy circumstances and he turned again toward Ger- many, having received an appointment as United States Consul at Hamburg. But on his arrival in Europe in 1830 he found that the Senate had failed to confirm his apiioinlment. and though about 1833 he was apjjointed Consul at Leipzig, he was persona non grata to the Saxon Gov- ernment and held the post for a .short time only. At this time he was much interested in the" establishment of railroads, and his insistence upon their advantages led to the building of the road between Leipzig and Dresden, and con- tributed to the further development of the Ger- man system. He was tireless in his advocacy of protection and railroads, and in the formation of associations of manufacturers for the culti- vation of the inlluence of this class. In 1837 he wont to Paris, where he wrote several letters for the Augsburg Allgcmeinc Zcitung, which were published in 1841 in a volume under the title of Das nationale Sjistem der poUtischcn Ockonomie. In 1843 he established at Augsburg the Zollve- reinsBatt. in which he advocated a national com- mercial svstem and a national fleet. He visited Austria and Hungarj' in 1844, and England in 1840. for the purpose of forming a coinnicrci.il alliance between Germany and that country, in which his efforts were not successful. Depressed by the failure of his plans, the loss of his health and propertv. he shot himself in a fit of insanity. For his bio-jraphv, consult: Goldschmidt (Berlin,