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* LINNiEUS. 300 LINNET. His studies ol' Clill'oil's plants appeared as the Hortus Cliffortianus. Linna'us stayed in Hol- land till 1739, and during liis residence here wrote, besides the works mentioned above, his l-'undamcnta Botanicu, Bibliotheca iio/anica (both 1736), Critica Botanica, Genera Plant arum (both 1737), and his Classes Plantarus (1738). Dur- ing this time also his scientific and influential acquaintance and his reputation increased very widely, so that, on prosecuting a journey to France and England he received considerable though, in difl'erent places, unequal attention and recognition. Returning again to the Netherlands he spent some time in the garden of Van Royen in Leyden. After his recovery from an illness through which he was tended by C'liffort. he settled down to the practice of medicine at Stockholm, where, being comparatively unknown, he had little practice. He gained at length the appointment of Naval Physician (173!t). and was nl this lime enabled to marry. He was honored in .Stockholm by the presidency of the Academy. In 1741 he was ap- pointed professor of medicine in the University of I'psala, at which time also Rosen was appointed to the chair of botany. During this year JAn- nicus made a scientific tour of Oland and Goth- land, the scientific results of which were pub- lished as "Oland.ska ach Gothlandska Resa" in 1745. In this paper popular names were first used. In the year following. 1742, Linna-us and Rosen exchanged their offices to their mutual advantage and satisfaction, and this circum- stance marks the beginning of his career as teach- er and student which was free from care and uncertainty, and in which he reaped the reward of his previous diligence and perseverance. Until 1778, a period of 37 years was spent in teaching, study, and writing. Students crowded to the university to hear him; the many whom he won to the science of natural history went all over the earth in search of materials, and specimens poured into his hands from all quarters. His reputation became unique and world-wide. Dur- ing this time, in addition to the revised editions of his previously published works, he wrote the famous ['hilosophia Botanica (1751), Flora Huecica (1745), Fauna Hueeica (1746), Borlus Upsaliensis (1748), and the Species Plantarum (1753), in addition to other papers on Materia Mcdica. His PhiUisophin liiilnnica. am especially his Species Plantarutii, have been truly regarded as epoch-making, as may be judged from the fact that in 1892 the systematic botanists in conven- tion at Rochester formally adopted the date of publication of the Species Planlanim as the starting-point for modern nomenclatorial rulings. The Linnaan .system is still widely used in the schools of Germany, although superseded by more natural systems for general uses. Tn 1761 he received the title of nobility, dated back to 1757, and was thereafter known as Carl von Linne. In 1767. at the age of sixty, his re- markable memory began to fail. From 1774 to the time of his death, on .January 10. 1778, he suffered greatly as the result of apoplexy, having had no use of his right side for two years before he finally succumbed. He was buried in the cathedral at Upsala. It is impossible within the limits of a brief biographical sketch to do justice to this great man. for he more than any other has influenced modern systematology. He was the first to use a binomial nomenclature, although his use of it (lid not correspond to the i)resent method. With l.innirus the specific name stood in the margin and had indcxical value, while the generic name stood at the head of the description. His de- scriptions were stripped of all unnecessary words, and under his skill became terse diagnostic state- ments of pertinent characters. The .system which consisted in the classification of plants, accord- ing to the number of stamens and pistils, was avowedly artificial, but was used by Linnaeus to get order out of chao.s. LINNE, Un'na', Karl vo> See I>inn.«:us, C.AKUI.L.S. LIN'NELL, Toiix (1792-1882). An English landscape and portrait painter. He was born in London. At the age of twelve he became a pupil of Benjamin West, and later entered John Varley's studio, where he learned more from Mulready, a fellow-pupil, than from his master. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1807. The same jear he received a medal at the Royal Academy for a drawing from the life, and in 1809, at the British Institution, the prize of fifty guineas for the best landscape. During the early part of his career he painted good portraits, but it was in landscape work that he won renown. His pictures are, for the most part, in public and private collections of England. In the National Gallery are his "Wood-Cutters" and the "Wind- mill." Among other works are "Christ's Ap- pearance to His Disciples on the Road to Em- maus," "Eve of the Deluge," "Under the Haw- thorn," "Sleeping for Sorrow," and "The Hollow Tree." He executed many miniatures on ivury, and was an engraver of some note. He died at Redhill, .January 20, 1882. His two sons, J.mks Thomas and Wu-liam L., also landscape paint- ers, inherited much of their father's talent. LINNET (AS. Vniete, OF., Fr. linot, linnet, from Lat. linum, flax; so called from their feed ing on flaxseed). .V finch of the genus Linaria, or some near relative. The size is small, the tail forked, and the colors brown mixed with white, and more or less flushed with crimson, especially in the spring dress of the male. All belong to northerly regions. The linnet iAcanthis, or Linn- ria, cannabina) is well known through Europe and Northern Asia. In its winter plumage its pre- vailing color is brown, the quill and tail feathers black with white edges; in the nuptial plumage the crown of the head and the breast are bright vermilion color, an<l a general brightening of color takes place over the rest of the plumage. This change of plumage causes it to be designated by fanciers as brown, gray, or rose linnet, ac cording to the season of the year and the sex. It is the Untie of the Scotch. The sweetnc^^ of its .song makes it everywhere a favorite. It sings well in a cage, and readily breeds in con- finement, but the brightness of the nuptial plum- age never appears. Tlie linnet abounds chiclly in somewhat open districts, and seems to prefer uncultivated and furze-covered grounds. Its nest is very often in a furze-bush or hawthorn hedge, and is formed of .small twigs and stems of grass, nicely lined Avith wool or hair; the eggs are four or five in number, pale bluish white.- speckled with purple and brown. Linnets con- gregate in large flrjcks in winter, and in great part desert the uplands, and resort to the sea- coast. In the Eastern United .States the name