Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/335

* LINLITHGOW. 299 LINN.a:XTS. istence is of the time of Uavid 1. (1124-53), and fragments of various ages are easily detected. Linlithgow was conspicuous in Scotch history, and here the Regent Murray was murdered in 1570. Population, in 1891, 4150; in 1901. 4279. Consult Waldie, History of Linlithgoic (3d ed., Linlithgow, 1879). LINN. 'arious species of the genus Tilia. See Lime-Tree. LINN.ffiAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. A liritish scientific society, founded in February, 1788, bj- Sir .James Edward Smith, a leading botanist, who bought from the e.ecutors of Linnaeus his library, manuscripts, and natural history collections. It was incorporated by royal charter in ilarch. 1802. The society annually awards a gold medal, alternating between a botanist and a zoologist. The papers read at the fortnightly meetings are published in expensive illustrated quarto "Transactions" and octavo ".Journals." The headquarters of the society are at l!iiiington House. LINN.a)US, C.A.ROLU.S (1707-78). The gener- ally used Latin name of Karl von Linne. the great Swedish naturalist, who is chiefly thought of as the originator of the modern nomenclatorial methods as applied to plants and animals, but is to be regarded in a broader sense as the fore- runner of the modern sy.stematists. He was bom in Rashult. in the Province of Smflland. Sweden, in May (old style). 1707. His father. Nils Linne. was at that time a Lutheran vicar, who in 1709 became pastor. His mother was Christina Broderson. daugliter of the pre- vious incumbent in the pastorate. The antece- dents of Jjinnaeus thus account for the desire which prompted and directed the etTorts of his parents, in spite of their narrow circumstances, to give him the proper education for the ministry. Xever- theless. it would seem that Xils Linne uncon- sciously gave a trend to the young mind of his first-born which may account for the direction which it afterwards took in the man: for the pastor was an intelligent gardener, partly for the love of it and partly from necessity, and Lin- naeus wrote of his father: '"He was an uncommon lover of rarities, and had a select garden of uncommon plants." When the future naturalist was four years of age. it appears that, in spite of his tender years, he was unusually inquisitive in regard to plants. When he reached the age of eight, he was as- signed a garden spot of his own. and showed much energy- in implanting all manner of wild growths. Certainly within these early childish years Linnteus had begim his course as a natural- ist; for his love of collecting and habits of obser- vation did in his case what they have in many another — they absorbed his real interest, while his regular tasks were performed more or less perfunctorily. It was fortunate for the boy's peace of mind that his first schoolmaster. LaniP- rius. in the school at ^^■exi('i, to which he was sent in 1717. was himself fond of botany, and encouraged the boy in his botanizing. After seven years of the gymnasium he passed into the college in the same town, but his academic be- havior so ill satisfied his father that he became disturbed for the young man's future. Though Linna>us expressed his willingness to conform to his father's wishes and enter the ministry', he pleaded that he should he allowed to follow his own inclination. The father, however, urged by Vol. XII.— 20. others who regarded I.innaus unfavorably, de- termined to apprentice him to a tradesman. "From this fate, however, he was rescued through the intercession of Kothniann, a physician of the town of Wexii), who, recognizing" Linnajus's in- dustry and ability, directed his .studies in phys- iology and supplied him with books on bota'nv and medicine. Itothmann. in who.se house he was at that time living with his father's con.sent. had the rare experience of bringing a young man to U life-work; and this circumstance il- lustrates most strikingly the wi.sdom of direct- ing the young mind into its natural channels. After being with Rothmann, Linna-us went (1727) to Lund, where he furthered his studies under Dr. Kelian Stobieus for a year, after which he went, on Rothmann's advice, to Upsala, where the renowned Rudl)eck was teaching. Stobaeus seems to have been offended at this, since he was not consulted in regard to the change. The young man arrived at Upsala with little money, and no prospect of self-support, which was the first consideration. While in this state of un- certainty he was one day examining plants in the garden of the university, when Dr. Celsius, a physician and botanist, met him, and shortly afterwards engaged him as an assistant in com- piling a treatise on the plants of the Bible (Hieiohotanicon). giving him a home in return, and by recommendations enabling him to get op- portunities to give private instruction. While with Celsius he became interested in Vaillant's ■ tiermo (tc Htnichira Floriim (Lcyden, 1718) and in Wallin's (Inmos Phyton (Upsala, 1759). the studj' of which led him to the writing of an essay on the sexes in plants. This essav served to recommend him to Rudlieck. to whom he was favorably introduced by Celsius. This introduc- tion led to his appointment as Rudbeck's ad- junctus. at the same time being appointed to direct the garden in which he would gladly have become a gardener the year previous. On May 12. 1732. he set out on an exploration of Lapland, cariying his whole outfit on his back. The cost of the journey (.$125). which covered upward of five thousand miles, was de- frajed by the -cademy of Sciences of Upsala. His botanical results were published in his Flora Lappouicd. which ;ippe;U'('d fie years later. An account of this journey is contained in the Laihr- sis Lapponica, which was translated in 181 1 by .J. E. Smith, the first president of the Linn.'ean Society of London. I)V whom also the I.innican col- lections and library were purchased in 1783. On his return from L;ipland he made a scientific journey through Dalecarlia at the invitation of the Governor. While at Fahlun. where he at- tracted large numbers of people to some public lectures, he met the wonujn who afterwards be- came his wife, namely. Sara, the daughter of Dr. More (Mora>us). under whose patronage he went to the Netherlands to study for his degree in medicine. This he received in 1835 at Harder- wijk. It was in this year that Linnieus pub- lished his Systema yaiura-. it being sent to the press at the expense of Dr. Gronovius. who at once recognized its value. This paper, the first edition of which consisted of eight folio sheets, ran through twelve editions, at the same time being expanded. .fter obtaining his degree he came under the patronage of .John Clifi'ort. a banker of. .Amster- dam, who had a large garden at Hartecamp.