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* LINGUA FKANCA. 297 LINIMENT. LINGUA FRANCA, len'gwa fran'ka (It., KeoLat., Frank language j . A kind of corrupt Italian, with a considerable admixture of French words and idioms; spoken along the shores of the Mediterranean. Also applied to the commercial speech of the Levant, a mi.xture of native words and of elements from the languages of the Occident. LIN'GUAGLOS'SA. A town of Sicily, in the Province of Catania, on the northeastern slope of Mount Etna, 1725 feet above the sea, and 37 miles from Messina (Map: Italy, K 10). Re- mains of the lava flow from the eruption of 1566 are to be seen here. The population (commune), in 1901. was 13,121. LINGUET, IfiN'ga'. SiMOx Xicola.s Henri (1736-94). A French pul)licist, born at Rheims. He was in literary work for several years and then studied law and attained great success in his profession. But his attacks on the French Acad- emy, which had refused him entrance, and quarrels with his brother lawyers, caused him praeticallj' to be e.xiled from France. He went to England, where he began to publish in Lon- don his Annales politiqucs. which under various changes of name he edited from 1777 to 1792 in Switzerland, Brussels, and again in London. For a time it received the support of the Austrian Government, as Lingnet advocated many of the Emperor Joseph's reforms. He returned to France in 1780, and was confined in the Bastille for two years for his virulent attack on the Due de Duras. While in pri.son he wrote his ile- moires sur la Bastille ( 1783). After this he went to Brussels, and remained there until the Revolu- tion was almost over. But he returned too soon, and on the trumped-up charge of having "flat- tered the despots of London and Vienna," was guillotined in 1794. LINGUISTICS. See Philology. LINGULA (Lat.. little tongue). A group of bracliiopuds, characterized by the possession of a shell, the valves of which are not hinged, but are connected by muscles, which open and close them by a more or less lateral movement: an oval opening is present near the anterior end of the animal ; there is a long, (leshy stalk, which passes out from the rear between the valves of the shell. These braehiopods live in the seas of LINOCLA. A modern Unpnla : s. stiell : p. peduncle or stalk, termi- nating iu a tube f agglutinated sand-gralne. warm climates, particularly of the Indian Archi- pelago and Polynesia. An American species (llloffitlra pyramidata) is common in Chesapeake Bay and off the coast of North Carolina. It has a shell about an inch long and half an inch wide; the stalk is two or three inches long. The valves of the shell are brown, very flat, thin, and horny. Tlie outer end is broad, while the other end is much narrowed; the stalk conies from be- tween the narrow ends. The living species of lingula occur only in rather deep water on muddy or sandy bottoms. Only seven or eight species are known to be living now, but the numijer of fossil forms is large. The genus Lingula lias long been considered as the oldest known living or- ganism, its shells having been found in all geological formations from those of late Cam- brian to those of Pliocene time. The genus Lingulella nourished in the early Cainiirian period. It thus presents an interesting case of the persistence of a type through countless ages with little evolutional change of the main stock. The species that occur in rocks of Ordovician age, when the type enjoyed the acme of its develop- ment, dillcr only slightly from the modern ones. LINIERS Y BBEMONT, le'nf-flrs' ,*• br.a'- mint, S.VKTiACO Antoxio Mahia de ( 17.>6-1S10). A Spanish naval oflicer and administrator, born of French parentage at Niort, Dcux-Sfevres. His name was originally Jacques Antoine Marie Deli- niers-Bremont. lUs father was a loyalist sailor, and after the Revolution he entered the Spanish navj'. He fought against the Engli.sh under Admiral Beresford at Montevideo in 1806. and at the head of a small fleet forced Buenos Ayres to surrender in 1807. The i)eople. who had been in sympathy with Linicrs from the beginning, elect- ed him 'iceroy in the place of Sobremontc. The English now marched upon Buenos Ayres, and a desperate fight occurred before the city. After making great havoc in the enemy's lines. Linicrs retired into the city, and defended it .so success- fully that the English finally evacuated the val- ley of the Rio de la Plata. He was requested to leave the country, and was replaced as Viceroy by Cisneros. The revolution that promptly fol- lowed these events forced Liniers to take up arms again for the Royalists. He raised a small army and marched on Buenos Ayres. but he was captur.->d and executed with several of his a rmy . LINIMENT (Lat. linimentum. from linire. to smear). A fluid preparation for external ap- ))lieation, generally having soap or some fatty substance as a basis. A liniment is, physically, an ointment having the consistence of oil; eheni- ically a soap — that is to say. a compound of oil and an alkali. In consequence of their slighter consistence, liniments are rubbed into the skin more readily than ointments. Among the most important of them are: Liniment of awinoiiin. which is prcjiared by mixing and shaking to- gether spirits of ammonia and olive oil. and is employed as an external stimulant and rube- facient to relieve neuralgia and rheumatic pains, sore throat, etc.: l^nnp liniminit. or niimlrlilor. the constituents of which are soap, camphor, and spirits of rnseniary. and which is used in sprains, bruises, rheumatism, etc.; I.inimriil nf lime, or carrnn oil. which is prepared by mixing and shaking together equal measures of olive or linseed oil and lime-water; it is a soothing though very dirty application to burns and scalds, and from its general employment for this purpose at the Carron Iron Works. England, has derived its popular name: Camphor litiimcnl, consislins of camphor dissolved in olive oil. which is used in sprains, bruises, and glandular enlargements. Other omcial liniments menti.'iicl in the T'nited