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* LINDENAXJ. 289 LINDLEY. tronomer, born at i'uhlliof, near Allenburg. He studied law and political economy at the Univer- sity of Leipzig. Alter serving as assistant judge at the tribunal of Altenburg he became an asso- ciate in, and afterwards director of, the Observa- tory at Gotha. In 1831 he was put at the bead of the Saxon Ministry. During his Premiership be remodeled the Saxon administration and adapted it to modern requirements, lie resigned in 1843. Of his .scientific publications, tlic follow- ing deserve mention: Tables barometriques pour faciliter le calcul dcs nivellenients et des mesurcx des hauteurs (1809), and Geschichte der Htern- kmuie im erslen Jnhrzehnt des neunzehnlcn Jahr- huiifhrfx (1811 I. LINDEN FAMILY. An order of plants. See TiLJ.vcE.E. LINDENSCHMIT, lln'den-shmit, Ludwig (1809-93). A German areha!ologist, brother of ilhclm Liudenschmit, the painter. He was born at Mainz, and at first studied art, but in 1840 he gave up art for German antiquities and two years later wrote Das r/fi'mdnisclir Toten- lager von Seheti, an important contribution to the subject of Germanic sepulchral mounds. In ISSl he was put in charge of the Germanic Cen- tral iluseum at Mainz. His publications include: Die Altertiimer unserer heidnischcn Vorzeit (1858-90); Die Altertiimer der meroimngischen Z-'it (1880-89) ; and Traeht und Bewaffnung des rijmischen Heeres tinhrend der Kaiserzeit ( 1882 ) . LINDENSCHMIT, Wilhelm, the elder (lS0(j-4S). A German historical painter, born at Mainz, brother of Ludwig Lindenschmit. He studied at the academies of Munich and Vienna, and in 182G returned to Munich to assist Cor- nelius in his decorative work in the arcades of the royal garden, the Kiinigsbau, and the loggia of the Old Pinakothek, and soon after- wards executed in the Castle of Hohenschwangau a series of fresco paintings representing episodes in Bavarian history. Devoting himself next to the painting of easel pictures, he produced among others the "Battle of Arminius" (1830. Karls- ruhe Gallery). Called to Meiningen to instruct the hereditary Prince in drawing, he also adorned the ducal castle of Landsberg with a cycle in fresco of scenes from the history of the House of Wettin. then returned to his native city, where he died. Ilis thorough knowledge of history and costume impart additional merit and interest to liis impressive compositions, replete with dra- matic life, such as the "Entry of Otho the Great into . gsburg After the Victory on the Leehfeld." and "Death of Duke Luitpold in the Battle Near Pressburg." in the Gallery at Mainz, which con- tains several other specimens of his creation. LINDENSCHMIT, Wilhelm vox, the young- er (1829-9.5). A German historical painter, born at Minicli. son of Wilhelm. the elder. First in- structed in Mainz by his uncle. Ludwig Linden- schmit. he studied subseciuenlly at the .Academy of Munich, at the Stiidel Institute in Frankfort, then in .Vntwerp, and finally in Paris, where he produced "The Harvest" and "Duke .lba and the Countess of Rudolstadt." now both in the Ham- burg Gallery. From 18.53 to 1803 he lived in Frankfort, then settled in Munich, where he was appointed professor at the .cademy in 187.5 and soon attracted a large followincr. Among a series of subjects from the age of the Reforma- tion, to which for a time he more especially de- voted his brusli, may "be noted the "Disputation at Marburg;" the "Institution of the Order of Jesuits" (1808); "Llrich von Hutten Fighting French Nobles" (1809, Leipzig Museum); "Luther's Disputation with Cardinal Cajetan at Augsburg" (Wiesbaden Gallery). To the same period belong "Knox and the Iconoclasts." ■Walter Raleigh in the Tower Visited by His Family" (1873, Konigsberg Museum); and "Assassination of ■ William of Orange" ( 1872, Vienna Museum), with life-size figures. Hitherto a peculiar brownish tone had marred the efTect of his otherwise powerful compositions, but from 1874 on they gradually partook more and more of the luminous coloring associated with the modern Munich school, while at the same time the artist turned to other fields for his subjects. Examples of this phase are: "Venus by the Body of Adonis" (1874, New Pin;ikothek, Munich); "Narcissus;" "Entry of -Marie into Rome" (1886); and "Prometheus Bound" (.Mainz Gal- lery). For the Magistrates' Room in the new City Hall at Munich he executed the mural painting, "Progress of ^Munich Under Ludwig I." LIN'DERMAN, Henry (182.5-79). An American financier, born at Lehman. Pa. He studied medicine in New York, and in 1853 re- moved to Philadelphia, where he was chief clerk of the Mint in 1855-64, and its director in 1806- 09. He made a valuable report on the silver market in 1872: proposed the coinage of the trade dollar; and with Knox drew up the Coin- age Act of 1873. As superintendent of the Mint he wrote annual reports, of which that of 1877, arguing for a gold standard, is best known and most important. LINDH, lind. Axdebs Theodok (1833—). A Finnish poet, born at Borga. At first a pupil in the School of Forestry at Stockholm, he after- wards studied law and became one of the magis- trates of his native town. His works include two volumes of poetry (1862-1875) which are very popular in Finland : two dramas of less impor- tance, Koniinfi liiriier orh hans Briidcr (1804), and Maria nf Hknttlnnd ( 18C5). and a translation of Byron's Hrhretr Melodies (1862). LIN'DISFABNE. An island in the North Sea. See Holy Isl.xd. LIND'LEY, .Tonx (1799-1865). An English botanist, born at Catton, near Norwich. He early devoted himself to the stiidy of botany, and in 1819 published Ohsrrrnfions on the Structure of Fruits, a translation from Richard's Anahise dii Fruit. The next year he published an original work entitled Monographia Jfosnrnm. In 1822 he accepted the position of garden assistant .secre- tarv of the Horticultural Society, was promoted to 'assistant secretary in 1820. 'and in 1830, in ctm junction with George Bent ham, organized the first flower-shows held in England. He became vice-secretary of the society in 1841 and member of council and honorary secretary in 1858. Dur- ing the greater part of this time he was also professor of botany at University College, Lon- don, and lecturer to the Apothecaries' Company, and did a considerable amount of work for the Government. Among his most important publi- c.ntions are: Si/nopsis of the British Flora (1829); .4 yatural Siisteni of Botnnu (18361: The Theory and Practice of nortieiillure (1842). which in an earlier form was translated into several other languages; Ladies' Bolantj (1837-